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Pediatric urinary stone composition in the United States
J Scott Gabrielsen1, Robert J Laciak, Elizabeth L Frank
1Division of Urology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah 84113, USA.
Insights
Pediatric urolithiasis (urinary stones) composition varies significantly with age and gender in the U.S. Calcium oxalate stones increase with age, while geographic location showed no significant impact on stone type.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Nephrology
- Urology
- Chemical Analysis
Background:
- Urolithiasis incidence in children is rising.
- Limited data exists on pediatric urinary stone composition.
- Understanding stone composition is crucial for effective treatment and prevention.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the influence of age, gender, and geographical location on urinary stone composition in U.S. children.
- To analyze trends in pediatric kidney stone types.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of 5,245 urinary stones from a reference laboratory (2000-2009).
- Exclusion of patients <1 or >18 years old.
- Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for composition determination.
- Logistic regression to assess associations with demographics.
Main Results:
- Calcium was present in 89.2% of stones.
- Calcium oxalate stones increased with age; magnesium ammonium phosphate and ammonium acid urate stones decreased.
- Calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate stones were more prevalent in females; uric acid stones in males.
- Significant age and gender-specific differences in stone composition were observed.
Conclusions:
- This is the largest U.S. pediatric urinary stone composition study to date.
- Age and gender are significant factors influencing pediatric stone composition.
- Geographical region did not show a significant association with stone composition.
Purpose:
The incidence of urolithiasis in children is increasing. However, stone composition studies in this population are limited. We sought to determine the effects of age, gender and geographical location on urinary stone composition in the United States pediatric population.
Materials And Methods:
We obtained composition analyses for all urinary stones submitted to a reference laboratory between 2000 and 2009. Stones were excluded if the patient was younger than 1 year or older than 18 years. Stone composition was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine associations between stone composition frequency and age, gender and geographical region.
Results:
A total of 5,245 stones were included in our analysis. Calcium was found in 89.2% of stones. The percentage of stones containing calcium oxalate increased, while magnesium ammonium phosphate and ammonium acid urate containing stones decreased with age. Calcium oxalate and magnesium ammonium phosphate containing stones were more common in females, while uric acid stones were more common in males. Additionally, significant differences in stone composition frequency were noted between males and females in specific age groups and between age groups within the same gender. Geographical distribution was not significantly associated with stone composition.
Conclusions:
This series is the largest analysis to date of urinary stone composition in the pediatric population in the United States. Age and gender were significantly associated with stone composition, while geographical region was not significantly associated with stone composition.
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