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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Tissue Transplantation01:24

Tissue Transplantation

Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
The Biology of Tissue Transplantation
The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Orthotopic Hind Limb Transplantation in the Mouse
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Published on: February 12, 2016

Mixed chimerism and split tolerance: mechanisms and clinical correlations.

David P Al-Adra1, Colin C Anderson

  • 1Department of Surgery, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada.

Chimerism
|April 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Hematopoietic mixed chimerism promotes donor-specific tolerance to transplanted organs, preventing rejection. However, split tolerance, where some tissues are rejected despite chimerism, requires further investigation into its mechanisms.

Keywords:
chimerismhematopoietic stem cellsplit tolerancetolerancetransplantation

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Biology
  • Tolerance Induction

Background:

  • Hematopoietic mixed chimerism can induce donor-specific tolerance, potentially eliminating long-term immunosuppression and preventing chronic transplant rejection.
  • Split tolerance, the rejection of some donor tissues despite established chimerism, presents a challenge to achieving complete allograft acceptance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the central and peripheral mechanisms of chimerism-induced tolerance.
  • To explore the phenomenon of split tolerance and its potential increase with current clinical goals.
  • To identify predisposing factors and underlying mechanisms contributing to split tolerance.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on chimerism, tolerance, and split tolerance.
  • Discussion of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms.
  • Analysis of factors influencing graft rejection in the context of chimerism.

Main Results:

  • Chimerism-induced tolerance is complex and can be incomplete, leading to split tolerance.
  • Predisposing factors for split tolerance include graft immunogenicity, donor-recipient factors, sensitization, graft type, and minimal conditioning protocols.
  • Tissue-specific antigen polymorphism and variable sensitivity to indirect pathway effector mechanisms contribute to differential tissue rejection.

Conclusions:

  • Achieving complete allograft tolerance via chimerism is challenging due to the prevalence of split tolerance.
  • Further research into the mechanisms of split tolerance is crucial for advancing transplantation strategies.
  • Clinical attempts highlight the intricate relationship between chimerism and tolerance, emphasizing the need for deeper understanding.