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Related Concept Videos

Inclusive Fitness00:57

Inclusive Fitness

42.5K
Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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Limits to Natural Selection01:38

Limits to Natural Selection

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Organisms that are well-adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. However, natural selection does not lead to perfectly adapted organisms. Several factors constrain natural selection.
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Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

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Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
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What is Natural Selection?01:32

What is Natural Selection?

129.9K
Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 17, 2026

Author Spotlight: Insights and Innovations in Gene Expression Manipulation Techniques for Choroid Plexus Research
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[No end to selective publication yet].

Rob J P M Scholten1, Lotty Hooft

  • 1Dutch Cochrane Centre, Academisch Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. r.j.scholten@amc.uva.nl

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|April 19, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Selective publication of study results distorts medical evidence, hindering unbiased decision-making. Worldwide enforcement of prospective study registration and public disclosure of all results is crucial for ethical research and evidence-based healthcare.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Research Ethics
  • Evidence-Based Medicine
  • Clinical Trial Transparency

Context:

  • Selective publication of studies and outcomes compromises unbiased medical decision-making.
  • Incomplete evidence bases prevent accurate assessment of intervention effects and identification of harms.
  • This can lead to unnecessary healthcare costs and suboptimal patient care.

Purpose:

  • To advocate for mandatory prospective registration of all clinical studies.
  • To emphasize the ethical obligation of investigators to disclose all study results.
  • To promote worldwide enforcement of public result databases for comprehensive evidence.

Summary:

  • Incomplete study reporting leads to biased medical evidence, impeding accurate treatment evaluation.
  • Failure to disclose all findings can mask adverse effects and inflate healthcare expenses.
  • Implementing universal study registration and results disclosure is essential.

Impact:

  • Ensures a complete and unbiased body of evidence for medical professionals.
  • Facilitates accurate assessment of treatment efficacy and safety.
  • Supports fully evidence-based decision-making in healthcare, benefiting patients and reducing costs.