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Related Concept Videos

Classical Conditioning01:18

Classical Conditioning

Associative learning, a core principle in behavioral psychology, involves forming connections between events and facilitating learned responses. This concept is vividly illustrated by classical conditioning, a process extensively studied by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov's pioneering research on dogs' digestive systems led to the discovery that behaviors can be learned through association, laying the groundwork for classical conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov observed that dogs salivated...
Principles of Classical Conditioning01:23

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Classical conditioning, as described by Ivan Pavlov, is a foundational concept in associative learning, where a neutral stimulus becomes capable of eliciting a conditioned response through association with an unconditioned stimulus. The process of acquisition, where this learning occurs, and the subsequent phenomena of contiguity, contingency, generalization, discrimination, extinction, and spontaneous recovery are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of classical conditioning.
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Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

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Classical Conditioning in Daily Life01:17

Classical Conditioning in Daily Life

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Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach
10:50

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

Published on: June 6, 2012

Evaluative conditioning induces changes in sound valence.

Anna C Bolders1, Guido P H Band, Pieter Jan Stallen

  • 1Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University Leiden, Netherlands.

Frontiers in Psychology
|April 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evaluative conditioning (EC) can change how we feel about sounds. This study shows that sounds paired with affective words gain emotional value, and this effect persists even after repeated exposure without the word.

Keywords:
affective primingauditory processingenvironmental soundsevaluative conditioningextinctionvalence

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Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach
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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Auditory Perception
  • Affective Science

Background:

  • Evaluative conditioning (EC) typically pairs visual stimuli with affective outcomes.
  • The application of EC to the auditory domain is less explored.
  • Understanding how sounds acquire affective value is crucial for auditory perception research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the efficacy of EC in altering the affective evaluation of environmental sounds.
  • To examine the persistence of acquired affective value in the auditory domain.
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms of auditory EC.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Paired short environmental sounds with affective words (unconditioned stimuli) and measured changes in sound evaluation using affective priming and subjective ratings.
  • Experiment 2: Assessed the stability of acquired affective value by presenting conditioned sounds without affective words (extinction trials).

Main Results:

  • Successful EC of environmental sounds was demonstrated through congruency effects and altered subjective ratings.
  • Acquired affective value of sounds persisted, though weakened, after 40 extinction trials.
  • Evidence supports the occurrence of EC effects in the auditory domain.

Conclusions:

  • Evaluative conditioning is effective for modifying the affective value of sounds.
  • Acquired affective value in the auditory domain shows resistance to extinction.
  • Both associative and propositional processes may contribute to auditory EC.