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Related Concept Videos

Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of information more...
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Mnemonic Devices

Mnemonic devices are cognitive tools that facilitate memory retention by linking new information to familiar patterns or organizational strategies. These techniques are beneficial for remembering complex or lengthy sets of information by simplifying and structuring them in easily retrievable ways.
Acronyms
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Elaborative Rehearsals

Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze
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Long-term memory for affiliates in ravens.

Markus Boeckle1, Thomas Bugnyar

  • 1Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria. markus.boeckle@univie.ac.at

Current Biology : CB
|April 24, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ravens remember social relationships with former group members for years. They distinguish familiar birds by call number and relationship valence by call modulation, showing sophisticated social memory.

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An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze
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A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Animal Behavior
  • Cognitive Ecology
  • Vocal Communication

Background:

  • Social animals must recognize group members and distinguish allies from rivals.
  • While individual recognition is known in some animals, memory for relationship valence is less studied.
  • Ravens (Corvus corax) exhibit complex social behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if ravens remember relationship valence to former group members over long periods.
  • To determine how ravens acoustically differentiate between familiar individuals based on past social relationships.

Main Methods:

  • Playback experiments using vocalizations from previously housed group members and unfamiliar ravens.
  • Analysis of acoustic features of raven calls in response to different stimuli.
  • Comparison of responses to affiliates versus nonaffiliates.

Main Results:

  • Ravens responded differently to familiar former group members and unfamiliar conspecifics.
  • Discrimination based on relationship valence (affiliate vs. nonaffiliate) was evident up to three years later.
  • Familiarity was indicated by call number, while relationship valence was signaled by call modulation (e.g., vocalization chaos, formant spacing).

Conclusions:

  • Ravens possess long-term memory for relationship qualities with former group members.
  • Vocal modulation plays a key role in conveying social information about relationship valence.
  • Sophisticated social knowledge acquired as nonbreeders is retained into the breeding stage in ravens.