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Observational Fear as a Model of Affective Empathy in Mice
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Published on: November 22, 2024

Animal empathy reconsidered: a multidimensional profile account.

Albert Newen1, Maja Griem1, Ludwig Huber2

  • 1Institut für Philosophie II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, Bochum, 44801, Germany.

Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
|June 28, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a new framework to understand empathy across species by developing multidimensional profiles. This approach allows for nuanced cross-species comparisons of empathy, revealing distinct behavioral patterns in animals like rodents, apes, canids, and corvids.

Keywords:
animal cognitionanimal empathycomparative psychologyempathymultidimensional profilesprofile accountspecies‐sensitivityvarieties of empathy

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative psychology
  • Ethology
  • Cognitive ethology

Background:

  • Empathy is crucial for social cohesion, yet fundamental questions about its definition, distribution, and quality persist.
  • Existing perspectives often present empathy in an all-or-nothing manner, limiting nuanced cross-species understanding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a species-sensitive, multidimensional profile account of empathy for robust cross-species comparisons.
  • To characterize behavior-based cognitive profiles of empathy by analyzing its multifactorial dimensions.
  • To address the definitional, distribution, and quality questions regarding empathy in nonhuman animals.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a multidimensional profile framework for empathy.
  • Characterized empathy profiles based on multifactorial dimensions and realizing features.
  • Applied the framework to compare empathy profiles in rodents, apes, canids, and corvids.
  • Assessed family resemblances of empathy profiles for distribution and quality analysis.

Main Results:

  • Each studied animal group (rodents, apes, canids, corvids) exhibits a specific empathy profile.
  • These profiles demonstrate predictive power for behavioral responses in complex, empathy-requiring situations.
  • Similar empathy profiles correlate with similar behavioral responses, even in phylogenetically distinct species.

Conclusions:

  • The multidimensional profile account facilitates fine-grained, species-sensitive comparisons of empathy within and between species.
  • This framework integrates phylogenetic and ontogenetic perspectives, enhancing our understanding of empathy in humans and other animals.
  • The framework's utility extends beyond empathy, offering potential for analyzing other complex cognitive abilities in nonhuman animals.