Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 22, 2026

11:31
Generation of Recombinant Influenza Virus from Plasmid DNA
Published on: August 3, 2010
Reverse genetics of influenza viruses
Gabriele Neumann1, Makoto Ozawa, Yoshihiro Kawaoka
1Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|April 25, 2012
Summary
Reverse genetics enables precise modification of influenza viruses for research and vaccine development. This powerful technology is crucial for understanding virus behavior and creating new vaccines against seasonal and pandemic strains.
Area of Science:
- Virology
- Molecular Biology
- Vaccinology
Background:
- Influenza virus research has been significantly advanced by the ability to genetically modify these pathogens.
- Understanding influenza virus replication, virulence, and host interactions is critical for public health.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the revolutionary impact of reverse genetics on influenza virus research.
- To highlight the application of reverse genetics in generating influenza virus vaccines.
Main Methods:
- Utilizing reverse genetics to create mutant and reassortant influenza viruses.
- Assessing viral replication, virulence, pathogenicity, host range, and transmissibility of modified viruses.
Main Results:
- Reverse genetics has become an indispensable tool for comprehensive influenza virus characterization.
- The technology is actively employed in the production of approved and novel influenza vaccines.
Conclusions:
- Reverse genetics has transformed influenza research, offering robust and efficient methods.
- This technology is vital for both current influenza vaccine production and future pandemic preparedness.
Related Concept Videos
Viral Mutations
A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Viral Recombination
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Leaky Scanning
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Influenza
Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Viruses with RNA Genomes
RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
Retroviruses
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

