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Related Concept Videos

Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders01:27

Psychosis: Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder whose origins are rooted in complex genetic components. Despite our burgeoning understanding, the pathophysiology of this disorder remains incompletely deciphered.
Researchers have identified genetic factors that increase susceptibility to schizophrenia, underscoring the intricate interplay between genetics and environment in disease development. At the core of schizophrenia's pathophysiology is excessive dopaminergic neurotransmission within the...
Sex Linked Disorders01:43

Sex Linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Biological Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a severe psychiatric disorder, arises from a complex interplay of biological factors, including genetic predisposition, structural brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter dysregulation, and developmental irregularities. These factors collectively contribute to the onset and progression of the disorder, which typically manifests in late adolescence or early adulthood.
Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia
The genetic basis of schizophrenia is strongly supported by family and twin studies.
Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...

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Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia
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Published on: December 2, 2015

Connectomic intermediate phenotypes for psychiatric disorders.

Alex Fornito1, Edward T Bullmore

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Carlton South VIC, Australia.

Frontiers in Psychiatry
|April 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating genetic influences on psychiatric disorders using brain imaging reveals that genetic risk variants impact distributed neural systems more than isolated brain regions. This highlights the importance of the human connectome in understanding mental illness genetics.

Keywords:
Alzheimer’s diseaseanxietycomplexdefault modedepressionendophenotypegraph analysisschizophrenia

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Published on: March 30, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Psychiatric disorders exhibit complex genetic underpinnings and heterogeneity.
  • Intermediate phenotypes (IPs) are used to link genetic risk variants to physiological effects.
  • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a key tool for measuring brain structure and function in vivo.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review research on how genetic variation influences human brain network connectivity and topology using connectomic techniques.
  • To explore the role of distributed neural systems versus localized brain regions in the expression of genetic risk for psychiatric disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of studies utilizing advanced MRI techniques to map the human connectome.
  • Analysis of imaging genetics and twin studies examining the relationship between genetic variants and brain connectivity.
  • Focus on intermediate phenotypes characterized at the level of distributed neural systems.

Main Results:

  • Genetic risk variants for mental illness may have higher penetrance when assessed via distributed neural systems compared to isolated brain regions.
  • Specific genes (e.g., SLC6A4, MAOA, ZNF804A, APOE) are implicated in altered brain network properties.
  • Connectomic approaches offer a more sensitive measure for detecting the impact of genetic risk variants.

Conclusions:

  • Imaging connectomics provides a powerful framework for understanding the genetic basis of psychiatric disorders.
  • Altered structure and function of the human connectome are key mechanisms through which genetic risk for psychiatric disease is expressed.
  • Future research should leverage connectomic approaches to elucidate the genetic architecture of mental illness.