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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
05:31

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

Cognitive control in Russian-german bilinguals.

Julia Festman1, Thomas F Münte

  • 1Potsdam Research Institute for Multilingualism, University of Potsdam Potsdam, Germany.

Frontiers in Psychology
|April 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Bilinguals with better cognitive control, including conflict monitoring, unintentionally switch languages less often. This study highlights how executive functions impact bilingual language management.

Keywords:
ERNFlanker taskWisconsin Card Sorting Testcognitive controlconflict monitoringexecutive functioninhibitionlate bilinguals

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Executive Functions

Background:

  • Bilingual speakers vary in their ability to keep languages separate.
  • Cognitive control may explain these interindividual differences in language management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between cognitive control abilities and unintentional language switching in highly proficient bilinguals.
  • To compare the performance of bilinguals who unintentionally switch languages ('switchers') versus those who do not ('non-switchers') on executive function tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of two bilingual groups (L1 Russian, L2 German) based on language control performance in a picture-naming task.
  • Assessment of cognitive control using tasks like the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Flanker task.
  • Electrophysiological recordings (event-related potentials) to measure brain activity related to error monitoring.

Main Results:

  • Non-switchers outperformed switchers on cognitive control tests, showing faster and more accurate performance.
  • Non-switchers demonstrated superior rule acquisition and application in the WCST.
  • Non-switchers exhibited better performance on conflict trials in the Flanker task and a higher error correction rate.
  • Event-related potentials showed a smaller error-related negativity in non-switchers, indicating more efficient self-monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • Bilingual language performance, specifically unintentional switching, is significantly related to cognitive control abilities.
  • Enhanced cognitive control, including conflict monitoring and self-monitoring, leads to reduced unintentional language switching in bilinguals.