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Related Concept Videos

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy01:25

Imaging Studies II: Positron Emission Tomography and Scintigraphy

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
Fundamental Principles of PET
Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body being...
Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging01:19

Imaging Studies VII: Vascular Imaging

DefinitionRenal angiography, also known as renal arteriography, is an imaging technique used to obtain a comprehensive view of blood flow and the vascular structure of blood vessels in the kidneys and surrounding areas.PurposeRenal angiography detects blood vessel abnormalities in the kidneys, such as aneurysms, stenosis, thrombosis, vascular tumors, and renal artery stenosis. It evaluates kidney function and guides interventional treatments like angioplasty or stent placement.Pre-Procedure...
Applications Of NMR In Biology01:25

Applications Of NMR In Biology

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a very valuable analytical technique for researchers. It has been used for more than 50 years as an analytical tool. F. Bloch and E. Purcell formulated NMR in 1946 and won the 1952 Nobel Prize in Physics  for their work. Biological macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and organic molecules including pharmaceutical compounds, can be studied using this versatile tool that exploits the magnetic properties of certain nuclei.
The...
Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System IV: CMRI01:21

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System IV: CMRI

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, or CMRI, is a non-invasive diagnostic test that employs a magnetic field and radiofrequency waves to create precise images of the heart and arteries. It provides comprehensive information about cardiac anatomy, function, perfusion, and tissue characterization without ionizing radiation.IndicationsCMRI diagnoses various heart conditions, including tissue damage from heart attacks, ischemic heart disease, myocarditis, aortic issues (tears, aneurysms,...

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A molecular imaging primer: modalities, imaging agents, and applications.

Michelle L James1, Sanjiv S Gambhir

  • 1Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.

Physiological Reviews
|April 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Molecular imaging visualizes biological processes in real-time for disease diagnosis and therapy assessment. This review covers established and emerging techniques, agents, and applications in medicine.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Molecular imaging enables real-time visualization of complex biochemical processes in living subjects.
  • It is crucial for understanding normal physiology and disease states.
  • This review focuses on molecular imaging in intact living subjects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a primer on molecular imaging for newcomers.
  • To serve as a resource for professionals in the field.
  • To review classical and emerging imaging modalities, agents, and applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of classical molecular imaging techniques (strengths and limitations).
  • Introduction to emerging molecular imaging modalities.
  • Overview of molecular imaging agents (small molecules, peptides, aptamers, engineered proteins, nanoparticles).

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of various molecular imaging techniques and agents.
  • Examples of applications in oncology, neuroscience, cardiology, gene therapy, cell tracking, and theranostics.
  • A guide for applying molecular imaging to biological and clinical questions.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular imaging is revolutionizing medical research and practice.
  • The field holds enormous potential for future advancements in medicine.
  • Key challenges and future directions in molecular imaging are discussed.