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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome

Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
In endocytosis, the cell membrane takes up macromolecules and particles from the surrounding medium. Clathrin-mediated...
Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
Autophagy can activate apoptosis. In normal conditions, the autophagy activating protein Beclin-1 and pro-apoptotic...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
07:20

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy

Published on: January 31, 2025

Alternative macroautophagic pathways.

Katrin Juenemann1, Eric A Reits

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

International Journal of Cell Biology
|April 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This review explores alternative autophagy pathways, distinct from macroautophagy. It focuses on identifying and understanding the molecular mechanisms behind these novel degradation routes.

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Macroautophagy is a fundamental cellular process for degrading long-lived proteins, aggregates, and organelles via autophagosomes and lysosomes.
  • Key players like Atg5, Beclin 1, and LC3 lipidation are central to macroautophagy.
  • Emerging evidence points to alternative autophagy pathways operating independently of these canonical macroautophagy components.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize recent findings on alternative autophagy pathways.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these non-canonical degradation routes.
  • To provide a comprehensive understanding of autophagy beyond the macroautophagy paradigm.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research on autophagy.

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Analyzing Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila melanogaster Larval Fat Body
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Analyzing Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila melanogaster Larval Fat Body

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Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry
11:39

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Published on: July 21, 2017

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy
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Exploring the Regulation of Lipid Droplet Catabolism through Lipophagy

Published on: January 31, 2025

Analyzing Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila melanogaster Larval Fat Body
06:02

Analyzing Starvation-Induced Autophagy in the Drosophila melanogaster Larval Fat Body

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Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry
11:39

Assessing Autophagic Flux by Measuring LC3, p62, and LAMP1 Co-localization Using Multispectral Imaging Flow Cytometry

Published on: July 21, 2017

  • Analysis of studies identifying novel autophagy-related proteins and pathways.
  • Comparative analysis of macroautophagy and alternative autophagy mechanisms.

    • Main Results:

    • Identification of several alternative autophagy pathways independent of Atg5, Beclin 1, and LC3 lipidation.
    • Characterization of distinct molecular players and regulatory networks governing these alternative pathways.
    • Insights into the cargo specificity and functional roles of alternative autophagy.

    Conclusions:

    • Alternative autophagy pathways represent a significant expansion of our understanding of cellular degradation.
    • These pathways utilize unique molecular machinery, offering new targets for therapeutic intervention.
    • Further research is crucial to fully unravel the complexity and physiological relevance of alternative autophagy.