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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

[Hepatitis E. Current perspectives].

María Teresa Pérez-Gracia1, María Luisa Mateos-Lindemann

  • 1Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Moncada, Valencia, Spain. teresa@uch.ceu.es

Medicina Clinica
|April 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is common globally, with increasing cases in developed nations. While diagnosed via serology and RNA detection, a vaccine remains unavailable.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Context:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is highly prevalent in developing countries, affecting an estimated one-third of the global population.
  • Sporadic cases are emerging in developed countries, often in individuals without a travel history, suggesting novel transmission routes.
  • HEV is increasingly recognized for its potential to cause chronic hepatitis, particularly in immunocompromised and transplanted patients, and even in immunocompetent individuals.

Purpose:

  • To review the current understanding of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical manifestations.
  • To highlight the evolving landscape of HEV infection, including its presence in non-endemic regions and its association with chronic liver disease.
  • To discuss diagnostic methods and the potential of vaccination for HEV prevention.

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Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells
09:02

Modeling Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Non-Hepatic 293T-NE-3NRs Cells

Published on: June 5, 2020

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Summary:

  • Diagnosis of HEV infection relies on serological tests and the detection of viral RNA in blood and feces.
  • HEV can lead to chronic hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis, and extrahepatic manifestations in various patient groups.
  • While a vaccine exists and is beneficial for high-prevalence areas, it is not yet widely available.

Impact:

  • Increased awareness of HEV as a potential cause of hepatitis in developed countries, prompting further investigation into transmission.
  • Improved diagnostic strategies for identifying HEV infection, including chronic cases and extrahepatic manifestations.
  • Underscores the need for vaccine development and accessibility to control the global burden of Hepatitis E.