Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon01:10

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

The tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon is a cognitive experience characterized by a temporary inability to retrieve specific information from memory despite having a strong feeling of knowing the information. Although individuals cannot access the target word or detail, they frequently recall related elements, such as its initial letter, syllable count, or context. This partial retrieval often causes frustration, as one might recognize a familiar face or know that a name starts with a specific...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The efficacy of EMDR therapy in adults with a severe intellectual disability and posttraumatic stress disorder.

European journal of psychotraumatology·2026
Same author

Mechanisms of Change in Day Treatment Group Schema Therapy for Severe Personality Disorders: A Multiple Baseline Single-Case Study.

Clinical psychology & psychotherapy·2026
Same author

The efficacy of home-based virtual reality exposure therapy as an add-on to behavioral therapy for children with selective mutism: Protocol for a single-case experimental design.

Contemporary clinical trials communications·2026
Same author

'I gotta Feeling': Exploring the effects of a smartphone app (Feelee) to enhance adolescents' emotion regulation in forensic outpatient settings: A multiple single-case experimental design.

PloS one·2026
Same author

Assessment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Adults With Severe or Moderate Intellectual Disability Using the Diagnostic Interview Trauma and Stressors-Severe Intellectual Disability.

Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR·2026
Same author

Exploring the Working Mechanisms between Anxiety, Mental Imagery, and Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: A Longitudinal Study.

Schizophrenia bulletin open·2025
Same journal

Boosting Media Literacy Using Lateral Reading and Online Search Interventions.

Psychological science·2026
Same journal

A Field Experiment Testing Whether Accountability Reduces Racial Gaps in Performance Evaluations.

Psychological science·2026
Same journal

Does Testosterone Affect Cognitive Reflection? Evidence From a Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Study of 1,000 Participants.

Psychological science·2026
Same journal

Does Overconfidence Really Confer Adaptive Benefits to Children's Learning?

Psychological science·2026
Same journal

How Does the Mind Grow? Cross-Cultural Intuitive Theories of Mental Development.

Psychological science·2026
Same journal

Not All Practice Is Created Equal: Longitudinal Evidence From Over 40,000 Chess Players.

Psychological science·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese
08:08

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

Published on: April 1, 2016

A short-term testing effect in cross-language recognition.

Peter P J L Verkoeijen1, Samantha Bouwmeester, Gino Camp

  • 1Department of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, P. O. Box 1738, NL-3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands. verkoeijen@fsw.eur.nl

Psychological Science
|April 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Retrieval practice, or taking a memory test, enhances long-term retention more than restudying. This testing effect is observed even when switching languages between learning and testing.

More Related Videos

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
05:31

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

Memorization-Based Training and Testing Paradigm for Robust Vocal Identity Recognition in Expressive Speech Using Event-Related Potentials Analysis
05:48

Memorization-Based Training and Testing Paradigm for Robust Vocal Identity Recognition in Expressive Speech Using Event-Related Potentials Analysis

Published on: August 9, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese
08:08

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

Published on: April 1, 2016

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
05:31

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

Memorization-Based Training and Testing Paradigm for Robust Vocal Identity Recognition in Expressive Speech Using Event-Related Potentials Analysis
05:48

Memorization-Based Training and Testing Paradigm for Robust Vocal Identity Recognition in Expressive Speech Using Event-Related Potentials Analysis

Published on: August 9, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience of Memory
  • Bilingualism Research

Background:

  • The testing effect demonstrates that retrieval practice improves memory retention compared to restudying.
  • Existing theories suggest testing enhances semantic memory features, while restudying boosts surface features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the testing effect persists across a language switch.
  • To test the hypothesis that testing strengthens semantic memory traces, facilitating recall even in a different language.

Main Methods:

  • Dutch-English bilinguals studied Deese-Roediger-McDermott word lists via restudying or retrieval practice.
  • A recognition test was administered in either Dutch (within-language) or English (across-language) after a 5-minute interval.

Main Results:

  • A significant testing effect was found in the across-language condition (Dutch to English).
  • No significant testing effect was observed in the within-language condition (Dutch to Dutch).

Conclusions:

  • The findings support the novel account that testing strengthens semantic memory features.
  • Language switching during testing may reveal the deeper, semantic processing enhanced by retrieval practice.