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Scientists achieved high-order harmonic generation in the water window spectral region using powerful lasers and gas jets. This breakthrough offers high-energy pulses, paving the way for advanced applications in this crucial spectral range.

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Area of Science:

  • Laser-plasma interactions
  • Attosecond science
  • High-order harmonic generation

Background:

  • Generating extreme ultraviolet (XUV) light is crucial for various scientific fields.
  • Reaching the water window (2.3–4.4 nm) spectral region with high-energy photons remains a challenge.
  • Existing methods often lack the required photon flux or spectral coverage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate a novel high-order harmonic generation (HHG) mechanism.
  • To achieve HHG specifically within the water window spectral region.
  • To investigate the underlying physics of this new HHG process.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing multiterawatt femtosecond lasers focused on gas jets.
  • Creating a relativistic laser channel and bow wave in underdense plasma.
  • Observing and analyzing the generated harmonic spectra.
  • Employing particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations for theoretical validation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully generated high-order harmonics extending into the water window.
  • Resolved several hundred harmonic orders, yielding microjoule per steradian (μJ/sr) pulses.
  • Identified an oscillating electron spike at plasma boundaries as the emission source.
  • Explained the spike's stability using catastrophe theory.

Conclusions:

  • A new, efficient HHG mechanism for accessing the water window has been demonstrated.
  • The observed phenomenon is driven by collective electron dynamics in a laser-induced plasma structure.
  • Catastrophe theory provides a robust framework for understanding the observed electron spike dynamics.