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Diabetic Nephropathy

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

Diabetic Neuropathy

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Tear-Derived Exosomal miR-15a as New Diagnostic Tool for Diabetic Retinopathy

Tear-Derived Exosomal miR-15a as New Diagnostic Tool for Diabetic Retinopathy

Published on: December 30, 2025

MicroRNAs and diabetic complications.

Rama Natarajan¹, Sumanth Putta, Mitsuo Kato

¹Department of Diabetes, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA. rnatarajan@coh.org

Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research

|May 4, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in diabetic complications like retinopathy and cardiovascular disease. Understanding their role offers new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for diabetes management.

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MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

MicroRNA In situ Hybridization for Formalin Fixed Kidney Tissues

Published on: November 30, 2013

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2) causes severe microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy) and macrovascular (cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, hypertension) complications.
These complications are linked to hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, advanced glycation end products, growth factors, and inflammatory cytokines.
Existing therapies are insufficient, necessitating a deeper understanding of molecular mechanisms for novel therapeutic targets.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the critical role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the pathology of diabetic complications.
To explore the potential of miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for managing diabetic complications.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on the molecular mechanisms of diabetic complications.
Analysis of current research on microRNA function in disease pathology.
Synthesis of evidence linking miRNAs to diabetic complication development.

Main Results:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally.
Emerging evidence highlights miRNAs' diverse cellular functions and involvement in various diseases, including diabetes.
Specific miRNAs are implicated in the development and progression of diabetic microvascular and macrovascular complications.

Conclusions:

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a significant area of research in understanding diabetic complications.
miRNAs hold promise as novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets for diabetes-related conditions.
Further investigation into miRNA pathways is crucial for developing more effective treatments for diabetic complications.