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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants01:23

Drugs Acting on Autonomic Ganglia: Stimulants


Ganglionic stimulants activate NM nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia, falling into two categories: nicotine mimetics [e.g., lobeline, dimethylpiperazine, tetramethylammonium] and muscarinic receptor agonists [e.g., muscarine, methacholine]. The first category's action is rapid and blocked by nicotinic receptor antagonists, while the second category's action is delayed and blocked by atropine-like agents. Nicotine, an alkaloid, affects the heart rate by stimulating sympathetic or...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions01:28

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions

Antimuscarinic drugs block muscarinic receptors in multiple systems, including the gut, eye, smooth muscles, respiratory tract, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. They produce similar effects with varying selectivity depending on the specific agent and tissue. Here are the key pharmacological actions of antimuscarinics:
Gastrointestinal Effects: Antimuscarinics reduce gut contractions, increase gastric emptying, and slow intestinal transit. They partly inhibit gastric acid secretion...
CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine01:27

CNS Depressants: Alcohol and Nicotine

Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses01:26

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal secretions in common...
Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake01:21

Drugs Affecting Neurotransmitter Release or Uptake

Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Hand-Rearing Method for Infant Marmosets
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Hand-Rearing Method for Infant Marmosets

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Central nervous system effects of civet.

R R Varma1, G Santhakumari

  • 1C. D. R. S. Pharmacological Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Trivandrum - 695 011, India.

Ancient Science of Life
|May 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Civet, a Malabar civet cat secretion, shows potential for enhancing hypnosis, analgesia, and anticonvulsant effects. It demonstrated no toxicity in mice up to 800 mg/kg orally.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Ethnobotany
  • Animal Science

Background:

  • The Malabar civet cat (Moschothera civettina blyth) produces a perineal gland secretion known as civet.
  • Traditional uses and pharmacological properties of animal secretions are areas of ongoing research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pharmacological activities of civet from the Malabar civet cat.
  • To evaluate its effects on central nervous system (CNS) related activities and toxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Civet was administered orally (p.o.) to mice and rats in doses ranging from 100 to 800 mg/kg.
  • Evaluated activities included potentiation of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis, analgesia, anticonvulsant effects, hypothermic and antipyretic activities.
  • Neurobehavioral tests like the rota-rod test, amphetamine toxicity, and conditioned avoidance response were also performed.

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Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models
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Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Published on: August 16, 2010

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

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11:51

Systemic and Local Drug Delivery for Treating Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Rodent Models

Published on: August 16, 2010

  • Acute toxicity studies were conducted to determine safety.

    • Main Results:

    • Civet significantly potentiated pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis, exhibited mild analgesic and anticonvulsant activities.
    • It was devoid of hypothermic effects in mice and antipyretic activity in febrile rats.
    • No effects were observed in the rota-rod test, on amphetamine toxicity, or in conditioned avoidance response.
    • No toxic manifestations or mortality were observed in acute toxicity studies up to 800 mg/kg orally.

    Conclusions:

    • Civet possesses CNS-modulating properties, specifically enhancing hypnotic, analgesic, and anticonvulsant effects.
    • The secretion appears safe at tested oral doses and lacks thermoregulatory or certain neurobehavioral impacts.
    • Further research into the active compounds and mechanisms of action is warranted.