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Related Concept Videos

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory01:29

Theory of Attribution II: Kelley's Covariation Theory

Attribution theory plays a crucial role in social psychology, helping to explain how individuals interpret the causes of behavior. One prominent model within this field is Harold Kelley's covariation theory, which provides a systematic approach to determining whether internal traits or external circumstances drive a person's actions. The model posits that individuals rely on three key types of information—consensus, consistency, and distinctiveness—to make these judgments.Consensus: Comparing...
Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is called the fundamental attribution...
Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory01:15

Theory of Attribution I: Correspondent Inference Theory

Correspondent inference theory, proposed by Jones and Davis in 1965, seeks to explain how individuals infer stable personality traits from observed behaviors. It suggests that people attribute actions to underlying dispositions rather than external circumstances, particularly when the behavior appears intentional and socially significant.Voluntary Behavior and Dispositional AttributionAccording to this theory, individuals are more likely to attribute behavior to personal traits when it appears...
Attribution01:26

Attribution

In social interactions, individuals frequently seek to understand the motivations and causes behind others' behaviors. This fundamental aspect of social perception, known as attribution, plays a crucial role in shaping interpersonal relationships and guiding future actions. Attribution refers to the cognitive process through which people infer the reasons behind others' behaviors, allowing them to assess character traits, intentions, and situational influences.Attribution Theory and Its...
Attribution Theory00:56

Attribution Theory

Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958). An internal factor is an...
The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic01:25

The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic

In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the $2,000...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
06:45

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

Practical Interests, Relevant Alternatives, and Knowledge Attributions: an Empirical Study.

Joshua May, Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Jay G Hull

    Review of Philosophy and Psychology
    |May 5, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Experimental data challenge common-sense intuitions about knowledge attribution in bank cases. Neither raising stakes nor alternatives swayed knowledge judgments, though stakes influenced confidence.

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    Last Updated: May 22, 2026

    Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
    06:45

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    Published on: April 18, 2017

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    06:08

    Exploring the Role of Deontic Reasoning and World Knowledge in Wason´s Selection Task

    Published on: July 22, 2025

    Area of Science:

    • Epistemology
    • Experimental Philosophy
    • Cognitive Science

    Background:

    • Philosophical theories of knowledge, such as Jason Stanley's interest-relative account, often rely on intuitions from specific thought experiments like bank cases.
    • Jonathan Schaffer critiqued Stanley's account, suggesting the salience of alternatives influences these intuitions.
    • The empirical basis of these philosophical claims about common-sense intuitions remains largely untested.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally investigate the empirical claims made by Jason Stanley regarding common-sense intuitions in bank cases.
    • To test Jonathan Schaffer's claims about the role of alternative possibilities in shaping intuitions about knowledge.
    • To determine how factors like stakes and alternatives influence ordinary judgments of knowledge.

    Main Methods:

    • Designed and conducted experiments to probe common-sense intuitions about knowledge attribution.
    • Manipulated variables such as the possibility of error and the stakes involved in the bank cases.
    • Collected data on participants' knowledge attributions and confidence levels.

    Main Results:

    • Neither increasing the stakes nor raising the possibility of error significantly shifted participants from attributing knowledge to denying it.
    • Raising the stakes did, however, impact the level of confidence participants expressed in their knowledge attributions.
    • The salience of alternative possibilities, as suggested by Schaffer, did not demonstrably affect knowledge attributions in this study.

    Conclusions:

    • The experimental findings challenge the widely assumed common-sense judgments cited by Stanley in defense of his interest-relative theory of knowledge.
    • The results also cast doubt on Schaffer's claims regarding the significant impact of alternatives on knowledge attribution.
    • While stakes influence confidence, they do not fundamentally alter knowledge attributions, suggesting a need to re-evaluate the empirical foundations of these epistemological theories.