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Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

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Interaction between Treg apoptosis pathways, Treg function and HLA risk evolves during type 1 diabetes pathogenesis.

Sanja Glisic¹, Parthav Jailwala

¹Department of Pediatrics, Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America. sglisic@mcw.edu

|May 8, 2012

Summary

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) undergo increased apoptosis in early Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), influenced by HLA risk and inflammation. Understanding these pathways may personalize T1D prevention strategies.

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Endocrinology
Genetics

Background:

Previous studies showed increased regulatory T cell (Treg) apoptosis in recent-onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and autoantibody-positive (Ab+) individuals.
This apoptosis was linked to High HLA risk and decreased during the T1D honeymoon period cessation.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively assess T-cell changes during T1D pathogenesis using integrated approaches.
To investigate Treg apoptosis, function, surface markers, HLA class II gene expression, and the influence of HLA risk.

Main Methods:

Genetics, genomics, functional cell-based assays, and flow cytometry were employed.
Ex vivo Treg apoptosis and function, surface markers, HLA class II gene expression, and apoptosis-related gene contributions were measured.

Main Results:

High HLA risk healthy controls showed increased Treg apoptosis and FADD overexpression.
Tregs in recent-onset T1D subjects during the honeymoon phase died via growth hormone withdrawal, oxidative stress, mitochondrial pathways, and TNF-receptor family members.
Ab+ subjects exhibited high inflammation contributing to Treg apoptosis, alongside other activated pathways.

Conclusions:

T1D progression is linked to increased Treg apoptosis coupled with decreased Treg function.
Distinct apoptotic pathways are involved in Treg loss across different T1D stages and risk groups.
Findings suggest potential for stage-specific preventive treatments for T1D based on Treg apoptosis and function.