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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Intra-Omental Islet Transplantation Using h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG (hOMING)
07:36

Intra-Omental Islet Transplantation Using h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG (hOMING)

Published on: March 14, 2019

Closed-loop insulin delivery in type 1 diabetes.

Hood Thabit1, Roman Hovorka

  • 1Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, University of Cambridge, Box 289, Level 4, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
|May 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Diabetes technology improves care, but hypoglycemia remains a challenge. This review covers closed-loop systems, artificial pancreas prototypes, and their limitations for better glycemic control.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Intra-Omental Islet Transplantation Using h-Omental Matrix Islet filliNG (hOMING)
07:36

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Published on: March 14, 2019

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Bioluminescent Monitoring of Graft Survival in an Adoptive Transfer Model of Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice

Published on: November 18, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Diabetes Technology

Background:

  • Diabetes management has advanced with technology, enhancing patient quality of life.
  • Intensive insulin therapy and modern regimens aim for tight glycemic control.
  • Hypoglycemia is a significant barrier and the most feared complication of insulin therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the components and clinical evidence of closed-loop systems.
  • To examine artificial pancreas prototypes used in current clinical studies.
  • To identify obstacles and limitations hindering closed-loop system technology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing clinical evidence for closed-loop systems.
  • Analysis of artificial pancreas prototypes in clinical studies.
  • Identification of technological barriers and limitations.

Main Results:

  • Closed-loop systems integrate multiple components for automated glucose management.
  • Artificial pancreas prototypes show promise but face challenges in widespread adoption.
  • Hypoglycemia remains a critical concern impacting the efficacy of intensive diabetes management.

Conclusions:

  • Closed-loop systems represent a significant advancement in diabetes care.
  • Further research and development are needed to overcome obstacles and limitations.
  • Addressing hypoglycemia is crucial for the successful implementation of advanced diabetes technologies.