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Related Concept Videos

Sanger Sequencing01:57

Sanger Sequencing

DNA sequencing is a fundamental technique that is routinely used in the biological sciences. This method can be applied to a range of questions at different scales - from the sequencing of a cloned DNA fragment or the study of a mutation in a gene up to whole-genome sequencing. However, despite the widespread use of sequencing today, it was not until 1977 that Fredrick Sanger and his collaborators developed the chain-termination method to decode DNA sequences. It relies on the separation of a...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.
Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
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The...
RNA-seq03:21

RNA-seq

RNA sequencing, or RNA-Seq, is a high-throughput sequencing technology used to study the transcriptome of a cell. Transcriptomics helps to interpret the functional elements of a genome and identify the molecular constituents of an organism. Additionally, it also helps in understanding the development of an organism and the occurrence of diseases. 
Before the discovery of RNA-seq, microarray-based methods and Sanger sequencing were used for transcriptome analysis. However, while microarray-based...
DNA Base Pairing02:27

DNA Base Pairing

Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
DNA Base Pairing02:27

DNA Base Pairing

Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing
10:36

Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing

Published on: August 3, 2018

Going beyond five bases in DNA sequencing.

Jonas Korlach1, Stephen W Turner

  • 1Pacific Biosciences, 1380 Willow Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States. jkorlach@pacificbiosciences.com

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|May 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emerging single-molecule sequencing methods can directly detect diverse DNA modifications beyond canonical bases. This advances understanding of biological functions and diseases linked to nucleotide changes.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Traditional DNA sequencing primarily analyzes four canonical bases and 5-methylcytosine.
  • Numerous other chemical nucleotide modifications influence biological functions, pathogen virulence, and disease.
  • Current sequencing methods cannot access these critical DNA modifications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight emerging single-molecule sequencing techniques.
  • To emphasize their potential for direct detection of various DNA modifications.
  • To underscore their integration into sequencing protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Review of emerging single-molecule sequencing technologies.
  • Discussion of direct detection capabilities for DNA modifications.
  • Analysis of integration into standard sequencing workflows.

Main Results:

  • Several single-molecule sequencing techniques show promise for direct DNA modification detection.
  • These methods bypass the limitations of traditional bisulfite sequencing.
  • Potential to reveal new insights into epigenetics and disease.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging single-molecule sequencing offers a powerful approach to study the full landscape of DNA modifications.
  • This technology can significantly advance our understanding of gene regulation, disease mechanisms, and pathogen biology.
  • Direct detection of epigenetic marks is crucial for comprehensive genomic analysis.