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Related Concept Videos

Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Overview of the Axial Skeleton01:09

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The skeleton is subdivided into two major divisions—the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton forms the vertical, central axis of the body. It includes all of the bones of the head, neck, chest, and back. It protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. It also serves as the attachment site for muscles that move the head, neck, and back and for muscles that act across the shoulder and hip joints to move their corresponding limbs.
The axial skeleton of the adult...
Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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Sutures of the Skull01:22

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Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Normal ossification patterns of atlas and axis: a CT study.

G M Karwacki1, J F Schneider

  • 1Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.

AJNR. American Journal of Neuroradiology
|May 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The study estimates the fusion timeline of the craniocervical junction (CVJ) synchondroses in children. Key fusion points, like the posterior midline synchondrosis of the atlas, close by age 4, aiding in distinguishing normal development from fractures.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Radiology
  • Skeletal Development
  • Anatomy

Background:

  • The development of the craniocervical junction (CVJ) is intricate and infrequently assessed by CT.
  • Persistent cartilaginous remnants in the atlas and axis can be misidentified as fractures in children.
  • Understanding CVJ synchondroses fusion is crucial for accurate pediatric skeletal assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a detailed timeline for the ossification and fusion of synchondroses within the CVJ.
  • To provide reference data for interpreting CT scans of pediatric CVJ development.
  • To differentiate normal developmental variants from pathological osseous lesions in the pediatric CVJ.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 550 pediatric CT scans (neonate to 17 years) without skeletal anomalies.
  • Evaluation of atlas and axis ossification patterns and synchondroses closure.
  • Defined normal synchondroses closure as ≥80% ossification rate per age category.

Main Results:

  • Posterior midline atlas synchondrosis closure observed after 4 years (range 2-13 years).
  • Axis ossification involves 6 ossification centers and 4 synchondroses, with closure around 9-10.5 years.
  • Complete ossification of CVJ synchondroses generally occurs after age 12, with significant variability.

Conclusions:

  • Triplanar CT reconstructions of the CVJ enable reliable identification of developmental features.
  • This analysis aids in distinguishing normal anatomical variants from actual osseous lesions in children.
  • The study provides a framework for accurate CT-based assessment of pediatric CVJ development.