Music in the exercise domain: a review and synthesis (Part II)

Area of Science:

• Exercise Physiology
• Sport Psychology
• Music Psychology

Background:

• A significant increase in research investigating music's impact on exercise has occurred since 1997.
• Previous reviews highlighted knowledge gaps and methodological limitations in the field.

Purpose of the Study:

• To explicate the development of conceptual approaches and mechanisms of music's effects on exercise.
• To critically review and synthesize empirical research on music and exercise performance and psychological responses.

Main Methods:

• A two-part review synthesizing existing literature on music and exercise.
• Analysis of studies examining music's effects on arousal, imagery, performance, affect, and perceived exertion.

Main Results:

• Pre-task music optimizes arousal and improves performance in simple motor tasks.
• Motivational, self-selected music enhances affect, reduces perceived exertion, and increases work output during endurance exercise.
• Music is most effective for self-paced exercise and in externally valid conditions, especially when motivational qualities are prioritized.

Conclusions:

• Carefully selected music offers ergogenic and psychological benefits during high-intensity exercise, though less so beyond the anaerobic threshold.
• Motivational music selection amplifies positive impacts on psychological state and performance.
• Guidelines are provided for future research and practical application in exercise settings.