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Beyond Rubik: The Embodiment-Presence-Interactivity Cube applied to exercise.

Jonathan M Bird1, Costas I Karageorghis2, Leighton Jones3

  • 1Department of Management, University of Exeter, United Kingdom.

Psychology of Sport and Exercise
|June 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Technological features like embodiment and presence in exercise equipment enhance enjoyment and positive feelings during and after physical activity. Virtual reality and similar immersive technologies show the most promise for improving the exercise experience.

Keywords:
Affective valenceAugmented realityExtended realityImmersionImmersive videosVirtual reality

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Area of Science:

  • Exercise Science
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Psychology of Exercise

Background:

  • Physical activity engagement requires effective interventions.
  • Audio-visual stimuli are common in exercise, but device qualities are under-researched.
  • The Embodiment-Presence-Interactivity Cube provides a framework to study technology's role in exercise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how embodiment, presence, and interactivity influence exercise-related affective and perceptual variables.
  • To compare the effects of different technological interfaces (Television, AR, 360° video, VR) on exercise experience.
  • To apply the Embodiment-Presence-Interactivity Cube framework to exercise technology.

Main Methods:

  • A counterbalanced within-subjects design with 24 participants.
  • Participants completed 20-minute cycling bouts under four conditions: Television, augmented reality, 360° video, and virtual reality.
  • Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze affective valence, exercise enjoyment, and pleasure.

Main Results:

  • A significant Condition × Timepoint interaction for affective valence showed greater embodiment led to more positive responses.
  • Main effects of condition revealed that greater presence enhanced exercise enjoyment, remembered pleasure, and forecasted pleasure.
  • Virtual reality, offering high embodiment, presence, and interactivity, yielded significant in-task and post-task benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Technological features like embodiment and presence positively impact affective and perceptual responses during exercise.
  • Immersive technologies, particularly virtual reality, offer substantial benefits for exercise engagement and experience.
  • Future research should leverage the Embodiment-Presence-Interactivity Cube to develop and optimize exercise technologies.