Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners01:20

Opioid Analgesics: Morphine and Other Natural Cogeners

Opioids are a class of drugs that mimic endogenous opioid peptides and act on opioid receptors, and help in pain relief. These compounds are classified as natural, synthetic, or semi-synthetic. Natural opioids, like morphine, codeine, and thebaine, are derived from the opium poppy plant (Papaver somniferum or Papaver album) and are termed opiates. Synthetic opioids are artificial, while semi-synthetic opioids combine natural and synthetic compounds. Morphine, a prototypical opioid, possesses a...
Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids01:15

Opioid Analgesics: Synthetic and Semisynthetic Opioids

Synthetic and semisynthetic opioids are pivotal in pain management and tackling opioid addiction. Semisynthetic opioids, including morphinans (morphine derivatives), oxycodone, oxymorphone, hydrocodone, and hydromorphone, have improved pharmacokinetic profiles compared to morphine. Additionally, heroin and 6-MAM (6-Monoacetylmorphine) show better CNS penetration than morphine due to heightened lipid solubility. Hydromorphone, a potent opioid, undergoes hepatic metabolism to form the active...
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
Opioid Receptors: Overview01:22

Opioid Receptors: Overview

Opioid receptors, including the mu (μ, MOR), delta (δ, DOR), and kappa (κ, KOR) types, belong to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems and in non-neuronal tissues such as macrophages and astrocytes. Opioid receptor ligands can be categorized into agonists or antagonists. Highly selective agonists include [d-Ala2, MePhe4, Gly(ol)5]-enkephalin or DAMGO for MOR, [D-Pen2, D-Pen5]-enkephalin or DPDPE for...
Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Opioids as Antidiarrheal Agents01:17

Drugs Affecting GI Tract Motility: Opioids as Antidiarrheal Agents

Diarrhea, a condition marked by frequent loose or watery bowel movements, can be triggered by multiple factors such as viral or bacterial infections, food intolerances, anxiety, medications, and digestive disorders. Symptoms may include abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and cramping. Severe or prolonged diarrhea can lead to complications like electrolyte imbalances, malnutrition, and dehydration if left untreated.
Opioids, widely used antidiarrheal agents, mitigate diarrhea by slowing down...
Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena01:15

Drug Abuse and Addiction: Pharmacological Phenomena

Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not necessarily...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Gut, Microbiome, and Brain Regulatory Axis: Relevance to Neurodegenerative and Psychiatric Disorders.

Cellular and molecular neurobiology·2018
Same author

ADHD and Present Hedonism: time perspective as a potential diagnostic and therapeutic tool.

Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment·2016
Same author

Psychiatric implications of endogenous morphine: up-to-date review.

Folia biologica·2011
Same author

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and eating disorders.

Prague medical report·2010
Same author

Morphine-mediated alteration of hypertension-related gene expression in human white blood cells and multilineage progenitor cells.

Journal of human hypertension·2010
Same author

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder--review of actual findings about mental disorders related to menstrual cycle and possibilities of their therapy.

Prague medical report·2010
Same journal

MiR-335-3p Alleviates Adipogenesis and Inflammation in Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Osteoporotic Fractures.

Folia biologica·2026
Same journal

Research on the Diagnostic Potential of miR-383-5p in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Folia biologica·2026
Same journal

The Predictive Value of NLRP3-Mediated Inflammatory Factor Production for Abnormal Liver Function in Pregnant Women with Hepatitis B.

Folia biologica·2026
Same journal

Mechanism Study and Analysis of Correlation between miR-409-3p and Post-Stroke Cognitive Impairment.

Folia biologica·2026
Same journal

Correlation between circ_0092576 and Arterial Stenosis Severity and Inflammatory Status in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease and Its Clinical Value.

Folia biologica·2026
Same journal

Intravitreal Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cell By-Products Does Not Ameliorate Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis.

Folia biologica·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
07:23

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

Published on: July 29, 2014

Endogenous morphine: up-to-date review 2011.

G B Stefano1, R Ptáček, H Kuželová

  • 1Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York - College at Old Westbury, 11568, USA. gstefano@sunynri.org

Folia Biologica
|May 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endogenous morphine, found across animal phyla, regulates metabolic activity via specific opiate receptors. This research highlights its role in nitric oxide and mitochondrial function, particularly in the cardiovascular system.

More Related Videos

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
07:05

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice
05:24

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

Published on: March 22, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities
07:23

Assessment of Morphine-induced Hyperalgesia and Analgesic Tolerance in Mice Using Thermal and Mechanical Nociceptive Modalities

Published on: July 29, 2014

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents
07:05

Operant Protocols for Assessing the Cost-benefit Analysis During Reinforced Decision Making by Rodents

Published on: September 10, 2018

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice
05:24

In Vivo SiRNA Transfection and Gene Knockdown in Spinal Cord via Rapid Noninvasive Lumbar Intrathecal Injections in Mice

Published on: March 22, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Neuroscience
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Chemically authentic morphine synthesis is conserved across animal phyla, despite historical skepticism.
  • Previous research (1970s-1980s) supported endogenous morphine expression by animal systems but faced dismissal.
  • Recent studies investigate the functional roles of endogenous morphine and its cognate receptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate recent coordinated studies in endogenous morphine research.
  • To highlight advancements in understanding the roles of μ(3) and μ(4) opiate receptors.
  • To propose a mechanism for endogenous morphine's role in metabolic regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Critical evaluation of recent coordinated studies.
  • Analysis of research on endogenous morphine and alkaloid-selective opiate receptors.
  • Formulation of implications for nitric oxide and mitochondrial function.

Main Results:

  • Endogenous morphine expression is proposed to mediate homeopathic regulation of metabolic activity.
  • Activation of μ(3) and μ(4) receptors facilitates short-circuit Ca(++) fluxes.
  • The coupling of endogenous morphine to nitric oxide regulation of mitochondrial function is explored.

Conclusions:

  • Endogenous morphine plays a crucial role in homeopathic metabolic regulation via μ(3) and μ(4) receptors.
  • This mechanism involves transductive conduits for Ca(++) fluxes.
  • The study emphasizes the long-neglected implications for cardiovascular and mitochondrial function.