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The distribution law or Nernst's distribution law is the law that governs the distribution of a solute between two immiscible solvents. This law, also known as the partition law, states that if a solute is added to the mixture of two immiscible solvents at a constant temperature, the solute is distributed between the two solvents in such a way that the ratio of solute concentrations in the solvents remains constant at equilibrium.
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Determination of diffusion coefficients for supercritical fluids.

Ignacio Medina1

  • 1Departamento de Ingeniería Química y T. M. A., Universidad de Oviedo, 33071 Oviedo, Spain. medina@uniovi.es

Journal of Chromatography. A
|May 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

This review summarizes diffusion coefficients in supercritical fluids, focusing on supercritical carbon dioxide. It covers experimental methods and predictive models for both binary and ternary systems, establishing general trends.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Diffusion coefficients are critical for understanding mass transfer in supercritical fluid applications.
  • Supercritical fluids, particularly supercritical carbon dioxide, are increasingly used as solvents due to their tunable properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and correlate diffusion coefficient data for solutes in supercritical fluids.
  • To discuss experimental methods and predictive models for diffusion coefficients.
  • To analyze factors influencing diffusion in binary and ternary supercritical systems.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of experimental data and correlation methods.
  • Analysis of factors affecting diffusion: pressure, temperature, density, viscosity.
  • Evaluation of predictive models: Stokes-Einstein, Rough-Hard-Sphere theory.

Main Results:

  • Established general trends for diffusion coefficients influenced by system parameters.
  • Described advantages and disadvantages of various experimental methods.
  • Reviewed predictive equations for binary and ternary systems, including modifier effects.

Conclusions:

  • Diffusion coefficients in supercritical fluids are influenced by thermodynamic and transport properties.
  • A range of experimental and predictive methods exist, each with limitations.
  • Understanding solute-modifier interactions is key for ternary systems.