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The testing effect as a function of explicit testing instructions and judgments of learning.

Fredrik U Jönsson1, Margareta Hedner, Mats J Olsson

  • 1Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. fredrik.jonsson@psychology.su.se

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Making delayed judgments of learning (JOLs) improves memory recall as effectively as explicit self-testing. This finding supports the self-fulfilling prophecy hypothesis regarding learning and memory.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Judgments of learning (JOLs) are metacognitive assessments of one's own learning.
  • The delayed JOL effect shows that making JOLs after a delay improves recall prediction.
  • The self-fulfilling prophecy (SFP) hypothesis suggests delayed JOLs involve retrieval, enhancing learning (testing effect).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the long-term memory effects of delayed JOLs versus explicit self-testing.
  • To investigate the role of covert retrieval attempts in the delayed JOL effect.
  • To provide empirical support for the SFP hypothesis in learning contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Participants studied Swahili-Swedish paired associates under three conditions: explicit self-testing, delayed JOLs, or less self-testing.
  • Memory for the paired associates was assessed after one week.
  • Statistical comparisons were made between the performance of the different learning conditions.

Main Results:

  • Repeated delayed JOLs significantly improved long-term retention compared to less self-testing.
  • Memory improvement from delayed JOLs was comparable to explicit self-testing.
  • Both delayed JOL and explicit self-testing groups outperformed the less self-testing group.

Conclusions:

  • Delayed JOLs are an effective strategy for enhancing long-term memory retention.
  • The efficacy of delayed JOLs is comparable to that of explicit memory testing.
  • Results support the SFP hypothesis, indicating that metacognitive judgments can influence learning outcomes through retrieval processes.