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Related Concept Videos

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I01:30

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - I

The Bradford Hill criteria are a group of principles that provide a framework to determine a causal relationship between a specific factor and a disease. There are nine criteria that are pivotal in assessing causality in epidemiological studies. Here's a closer look at Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality criteria with definitions and examples:
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...
Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II01:28

Criteria for Causality: Bradford Hill Criteria - II

The Bradford Hill criteria serve as guidelines for establishing causative links in epidemiological research. Beyond Strength, Consistency, Specificity, and Temporality, key criteria also include Biological Gradient, Plausibility, Coherence, Experiment, and Analogy. These principles assist scientists in assessing the likelihood of causation in complex biological contexts. Below is a summary of these concepts:
Cause and Effect01:53

Cause and Effect

While variables are sometimes correlated because one does cause the other, it could also be that some other factor, a confounding variable, is actually causing the systematic movement in our variables of interest. For instance, as sales in ice cream increase, so does the overall rate of crime. Is it possible that indulging in your favorite flavor of ice cream could send you on a crime spree? Or, after committing crime do you think you might decide to treat yourself to a cone?
Causality in Epidemiology01:21

Causality in Epidemiology

Causality or causation is a fundamental concept in epidemiology, vital for understanding the relationships between various factors and health outcomes. Despite its importance, there's no single, universally accepted definition of causality within the discipline. Drawing from a systematic review, causality in epidemiology encompasses several definitions, including production, necessary and sufficient, sufficient-component, counterfactual, and probabilistic models. Each has its strengths and...
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant factor...

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Related Experiment Video

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A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons
07:13

A Two-interval Forced-choice Task for Multisensory Comparisons

Published on: November 9, 2018

A causal contiguity effect that persists across time scales.

Asli Kiliç1, Amy H Criss, Marc W Howard

  • 1Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, 430 HuntingtonHall, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA. akilic@syr.edu

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory, and Cognition
|May 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary

The contiguity effect, where recalling an item influences recall of nearby items, was studied. Results show this effect operates causally across short and long timescales, even when study and test orders are uncorrelated.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • The contiguity effect describes the tendency to recall items near previously recalled items.
  • Two main explanations exist: causal models (recall probes alter memory) and noncausal models (study-test correlations drive contiguity).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contiguity effect under conditions that disrupt study-test correlations.
  • To differentiate between causal and noncausal models of the contiguity effect.

Main Methods:

  • A probed recall task was employed using word lists.
  • The correlation between study and test item orders was deliberately uncorrelated.
  • Participants recalled words based on probe words from the same list.

Main Results:

  • Both short-term and long-term contiguity effects were observed.
  • The presence of these effects despite uncorrelated study and test orders is significant.

Conclusions:

  • The findings support a causal mechanism for the contiguity effect.
  • This causal mechanism operates effectively across different time scales, independent of study-test correlations.