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A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
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Human Circadian Phenotyping and Diurnal Performance Testing in the Real World
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Human Circadian Phenotyping and Diurnal Performance Testing in the Real World

Published on: April 7, 2020

Time changes, so do people.

Etsuji Suzuki1

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan. etsuji-s@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp

Social Science & Medicine (1982)
|May 18, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Age-period-cohort analyses examine health changes over time. This commentary clarifies time as composition (age) versus context (period, cohort) to improve public health research and interventions.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Biomedical Science
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Human health dynamics are studied using age, period, and cohort perspectives.
  • Age-period-cohort analyses have been employed for 80 years to assess health outcome contributions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide insight into age-period-cohort analytical methods.
  • To distinguish time's concepts as composition and context.
  • To explore implications for hypothetical interventions and time manipulability.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of time in age-period-cohort studies.
  • Demonstration using hypothetical nested data structures (repeated cross-sectional and longitudinal).
  • Classification of context into relational, spatial, and temporal dimensions.

Main Results:

  • Age is a compositional variable (individual-level intervention).
  • Period and cohort are contextual variables (contextual effects).
  • Understanding the contextual triad (relational, spatial, temporal) is crucial for public health.

Conclusions:

  • Distinguishing time as composition versus context refines age-period-cohort analyses.
  • Proper contextual understanding is vital for accurate multilevel causal inference.
  • Inattention to the contextual triad risks a biased knowledge base for public health action.