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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition that arises following exposure to traumatic events such as natural disasters, forced displacement, or severe accidents. It significantly impairs individuals' ability to cope with daily activities and disrupts their emotional and psychological equilibrium.
Symptoms and Behavioral Manifestations
A spectrum of distressing symptoms characterizes PTSD. Recurrent flashbacks, where individuals involuntarily relive traumatic events, are a...

Traumatic Memory

Traumatic Memory

Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual remembers mundane...

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

The Influence of Cognition on Affect

Cognition plays a pivotal role in shaping emotional experiences, as demonstrated by Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory of emotion. According to this model, emotion arises from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. The body’s physiological response to stimuli is ambiguous and only gains emotional significance through cognitive labeling. For instance, an increased heart rate and adrenaline surge while standing near an attractive person may be interpreted as...

Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle

Introduction to Stress and Lifestyle

Stress is a multifaceted response to events perceived as challenging or threatening, highlighting physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral reactions. Physically, stress can lead to fatigue, sleep disruptions, and various health issues such as frequent colds, chest pains, and nausea. Emotionally, it can manifest as anxiety, depression, irritability, and anger triggered by both minor and major life events. Cognitively, it may result in difficulty in concentration, memory, and...

Coping Strategies: Emotion Focused

Coping Strategies: Emotion Focused

Emotion-focused coping refers to a set of strategies aimed at managing the emotional impact of stressors, rather than directly addressing their causes. This approach involves altering one's emotional response to stressful situations to reduce their psychological effects. For example, individuals might talk with a friend or engage in activities like journaling to express their feelings. Such actions can help achieve emotional clarity or release, providing the psychological stability needed to...

Bonanno's Theory of Grieving

Bonanno's Theory of Grieving

Grieving is a complex psychological and emotional process that varies significantly among individuals. George Bonanno's research on bereavement identified four distinct patterns of grieving, offering a nuanced understanding of how people cope with significant loss, such as the death of a spouse, over extended periods. These patterns — resilience, recovery, chronic dysfunction, and delayed grief — highlight the diversity in emotional responses and adaptive mechanisms.
Resilience
The resilience...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Social Threat-Safety Test Uncovers Psychosocial Stress-Related Phenotypes

Social Threat-Safety Test Uncovers Psychosocial Stress-Related Phenotypes

Published on: December 15, 2023

An affective-cognitive processing model of post-traumatic growth.

Stephen Joseph¹, David Murphy, Stephen Regel

¹Centre for Trauma, Resilience, and Growth, University of Nottingham and Nottinghamshire NHS Healthcare Trust, UK. Stephen.Joseph@nottingham.ac.uk

Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy

|May 22, 2012

Summary

Post-traumatic growth (PTG) is a developing area in psychology. This study explores PTG, its link to post-traumatic stress (PTS), and how therapists can help foster growth after trauma.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Social Threat-Safety Test Uncovers Psychosocial Stress-Related Phenotypes

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Published on: December 15, 2023

Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning, a Robust Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning, a Robust Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Published on: October 13, 2018

Area of Science:

Psychology
Clinical Psychology
Psychotherapy

Background:

Post-traumatic growth (PTG) is gaining attention in clinical psychology and psychotherapy.
Understanding PTG requires examining its historical development, core concepts, measurement challenges, and existing research.
The relationship between post-traumatic stress (PTS) and PTG is complex and likely curvilinear.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of the field of post-traumatic growth.
To introduce a novel affective-cognitive processing model where PTS drives PTG.
To outline clinical interventions for facilitating PTG.

Main Methods:

Literature review of historical development, concepts, measurement, and findings in PTG research.
Analysis of evidence regarding the curvilinear relationship between PTS and PTG.
Introduction of a new theoretical model of PTG.
Description of clinical intervention strategies.

Main Results:

The field of PTG is characterized by evolving concepts and measurement issues.
Evidence suggests a curvilinear association between the severity of post-traumatic stress and the extent of post-traumatic growth.
A new model posits that PTS acts as a catalyst for PTG through affective-cognitive processing.

Conclusions:

Post-traumatic growth is a significant area of study with implications for mental health.
The proposed affective-cognitive model offers a framework for understanding how trauma can lead to growth.
Therapeutic interventions can be developed to actively facilitate post-traumatic growth in individuals.