Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Inflammation: Introduction01:28

Inflammation: Introduction

Inflammation is a fundamental, protective biological response of vascularized tissues to cellular injury, infection, or harmful stimuli. Its primary function is to eliminate the initial cause of injury, clear necrotic cells and damaged tissue, and initiate the necessary repair processes.Cardinal SignsAcute inflammation presents with classic signs. Redness results from vasodilation and increased blood flow. Heat is due to increased metabolism and circulation. Swelling results from the...
Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects01:25

Acute Inflammation III: Local and Systemic Effects

Acute inflammation produces a coordinated set of local and systemic changes that limit injury, eliminate pathogens, and initiate repair. These responses arise within minutes of infection, trauma, or chemical insult and are driven by vascular alterations and leukocyte-derived mediators. When the stimulus resolves, the reaction typically abates within days.Local EffectsAt the site of injury, arteriolar vasodilation increases blood flow, resulting in redness and warmth. Simultaneously, increased...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response01:26

Acute Inflammation I: Inflammatory Response

Acute inflammation is a rapid, short-lived physiological response to tissue injury or infection, designed to eliminate harmful agents and initiate repair. This tightly regulated process typically lasts from minutes to several days and is triggered by factors such as microbial invasion, physical trauma, or chemical injury.Recognition and Mediator ReleaseThe inflammatory response begins when resident immune cells—such as mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells—detect damage-associated...
Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular01:30

Inflammatory Response I: Vascular and Cellular

The inflammatory response is the body's defense against infection, injury, or irritation from bacteria, trauma, toxins, or heat. Inflammation helps locate and destroy pathogens and remove damaged tissue elements to heal the body. During this initial phase, fluid, blood products, and nutrients migrate to the injured area, resulting in redness, heat, swelling, ache, and loss of function. Moreover, signs of systemic inflammation include fever, increased WBC count, malaise, anorexia, nausea,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effectiveness of a developed module in improving quality of life among breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy at Institut Kanser Negara.

The Medical journal of Malaysia·2025
Same author

Effect of microbial inoculants on the quality and aerobic stability of bermudagrass round-bale haylage.

Journal of dairy science·2014
Same author

Search for dinucleon decay into kaons in Super-Kamiokande.

Physical review letters·2014
Same author

Search for proton decay via p-->e+pi0 and p-->micro+pi0 in a large water Cherenkov detector.

Physical review letters·2009
Same author

Seasonal variability in otariid energetics: implications for the effects of predators on localized prey resources.

Physiological and biochemical zoology : PBZ·2007
Same author

Measurement of atmospheric neutrino flux consistent with tau neutrino appearance.

Physical review letters·2006
Same journal

Bright Light Therapy: Seasonal Affective Disorder and Beyond.

The Einstein journal of biology and medicine : EJBM·2019
Same journal

Autophagy and Schizophrenia: A Closer Look at How Dysregulation of Neuronal Cell Homeostasis Influences the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia.

The Einstein journal of biology and medicine : EJBM·2017
Same journal

Origins and Applications of CRISPR-Mediated Genome Editing.

The Einstein journal of biology and medicine : EJBM·2017
Same journal

Axillobifemoral Bypass Graft: A Student Dissection Experience.

The Einstein journal of biology and medicine : EJBM·2017
Same journal

Axillobifemoral bypass: a brief surgical and historical review.

The Einstein journal of biology and medicine : EJBM·2017
Same journal

Perceptions of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator: A qualitative study of families with a history of sudden life-threatening cardiac events and recommendations to improve care.

The Einstein journal of biology and medicine : EJBM·2014
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses
06:43

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses

Published on: March 29, 2017

Brain-Spleen Inflammatory Coupling: A Literature Review.

J Rasouli1, R Lekhraj, M Ozbalik

  • 1Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY 10461.

The Einstein Journal of Biology and Medicine : EJBM
|May 22, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain injury triggers spleen inflammation via brain-spleen inflammatory coupling. Stimulating the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7NAchR) on splenic macrophages reduces this inflammation, improving outcomes in neurological conditions.

More Related Videos

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity
08:04

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity

Published on: June 11, 2019

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
09:35

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

Published on: May 19, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses
06:43

Increased Recovery Time and Decreased LPS Administration to Study the Vagus Nerve Stimulation Mechanisms in Limited Inflammatory Responses

Published on: March 29, 2017

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity
08:04

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity

Published on: June 11, 2019

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells
09:35

Isolating Central Nervous System Tissues and Associated Meninges for the Downstream Analysis of Immune cells

Published on: May 19, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Autonomic Nervous System
  • Inflammation Research

Background:

  • Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is linked to autonomic pro-inflammatory cytokine release from splenic macrophages.
  • This brain-spleen inflammatory coupling is a key area of interest for TBI treatment development.
  • Neuroinflammation exacerbates neurological damage in various conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of splenic macrophages in TBI-induced neuroinflammation.
  • To explore the potential of modulating splenic inflammation via the autonomic nervous system for therapeutic benefit.
  • To examine the efficacy of cholinergic stimulation of splenic macrophages in preclinical models.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the brain-spleen inflammatory coupling mechanism.
  • Utilized animal models of sepsis, stroke, and TBI.
  • Focused on cholinergic stimulation of the alpha7-subunit nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7NAchR) on splenic macrophages.

Main Results:

  • Cholinergic stimulation of α7NAchR on splenic macrophages inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine release.
  • This parasympathetic nervous system-mediated inhibition improves outcomes in animal models of sepsis, stroke, and TBI.
  • Evidence supports a beneficial role for splenic inhibition in neurological conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Modulating splenic inflammation through the autonomic nervous system presents a promising therapeutic strategy.
  • Targeting brain-spleen inflammatory coupling offers potential for treating TBI and other neuroinflammatory diseases.
  • Further research into splenic inhibition could lead to novel treatments for conditions involving neuroinflammation.