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Related Concept Videos

Hypodermis01:02

Hypodermis

The hypodermis (the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia) is present directly below the dermis. It connects the skin to the underlying fascia (fibrous tissue) of the bones and muscles. It is not strictly a part of the skin, although the border between the hypodermis and dermis can be difficult to distinguish. The hypodermis consists of well-vascularized, loose, areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue, which functions as a mode of fat storage and provides insulation and cushioning for...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Oral Cavity01:11

Oral Cavity

The oral cavity, or the mouth, is a complex structure in humans that plays a vital role in our day-to-day lives. Its role is not only in chewing and swallowing food; it also plays a role in speech and facial expressions.
Teeth: The teeth are the hardest structures in our bodies. Humans have two sets of teeth throughout their lifetime: deciduous (baby) teeth and permanent teeth. Each tooth consists of several parts: the crown (visible part), the root (embedded in the jaw), enamel (hard outer...
The Tongue and Taste Buds00:49

The Tongue and Taste Buds

The surface of the tongue is covered with various small bumps called papillae, which either distribute what has been ingested (filiform papillae) or contain the sensory taste (or gustatory) receptor cells (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate papillae). Embedded within each taste-related papilla are the taste buds—clusters of 30 to 100 gustatory receptor cells.
Assessment of the Mouth01:26

Assessment of the Mouth

A thorough mouth assessment, including inspection and palpation of the lips, gums, tongue, tonsils, uvula, and pharynx, is crucial in detecting potential health issues. Diseases ranging from oral cancer to systemic conditions like diabetes could be identified early through careful oral examination. This article provides a detailed guide on conducting a comprehensive mouth assessment.
Mouth Inspection
The inspection begins with visually examining the mouth for symmetry, color, and size.
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

A Model of Free Tissue Transfer: The Rat Epigastric Free Flap
10:10

A Model of Free Tissue Transfer: The Rat Epigastric Free Flap

Published on: January 15, 2017

Buccal fat pad - a simple, underutilised flap.

E Meyer1, S J R Liebenberg, J J Fagan

  • 1Division of Otolaryngology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. estiemeyer@hotmail.com

South African Journal of Surgery. Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Chirurgie
|May 25, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The pedicled buccal fat pad flap is a reliable option for oral defect repair, especially when free flaps are unavailable or have failed. This durable flap is easy to harvest and successfully closed an oro-antral fistula in a case study.

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • The pedicled buccal fat pad (BFP) flap is a versatile surgical option.
  • It is indicated for the repair of various oral defects.
  • Its utility is particularly relevant in resource-limited settings or salvage situations.

Observation:

  • A case study successfully utilized the BFP flap for oro-antral fistula closure.
  • The flap demonstrated durability and ease of harvest.
  • This highlights its potential in complex reconstructive scenarios.

Findings:

  • The pedicled BFP flap is a reliable and effective method for repairing small oral defects.
  • It offers a viable alternative when free flaps are inaccessible or have previously failed.
  • Successful harvest techniques and anatomical considerations are crucial.

Implications:

  • The BFP flap should be strongly considered for oral defect reconstruction, especially in challenging cases.
  • It expands reconstructive options for oral surgeons and plastic surgeons.
  • Further investigation into its application across diverse oral defects is warranted.