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Hiatal Hernia

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...

Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction

Esophageal perforation is a severe medical condition characterized by a breach in the integrity of the esophageal wall. This breach can occur due to various factors such as trauma, medical procedures, or underlying diseases. When the esophageal wall is compromised, it allows food, fluids, and digestive juices into the chest cavity or adjacent structures, leading to potential complications and health risks.
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Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

Flail Chest-I

Flail Chest-I

Overview of Flail Chest
Flail chest is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the fracture of three or more adjacent ribs in multiple places. It is most commonly caused by direct impacts and trauma, such as motor vehicle accidents or injuries from a steering wheel impact. It can also occur due to falls in elderly individuals with osteoporosis, or assaults involving sharp objects.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of flail chest is complex, involving fractures of...

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice

Transuterine Fetal Tracheal Occlusion Model in Mice

Published on: February 5, 2021

Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia in children.

Ahmed H Al-Salem¹

¹Department of Pediatric Surgery, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam, Qatif, Saudi Arabia. ahsalsalem@hotmail.com

Pediatric Surgery International

|May 25, 2012

Summary

Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia (TDH) is rare in children, often missed due to severity of other injuries. High suspicion and careful imaging are key for timely diagnosis and treatment of pediatric TDH.

Area of Science:

Pediatric Surgery
Trauma Surgery
Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia (TDH) is exceptionally rare in pediatric patients.
Diagnosis is frequently delayed due to rarity and co-existing severe injuries.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes of pediatric traumatic diaphragmatic hernia.
To identify factors contributing to diagnostic delays in pediatric TDH.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of pediatric TDH cases over 15 years.
Analysis of patient demographics, injury mechanisms, injury severity, diagnostic methods, and treatment approaches.

Main Results:

Seven pediatric TDH cases were treated; most were male and sustained blunt trauma.

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Right-sided TDH cases experienced diagnostic delays; all patients survived severe injuries.

Treatment varied by hernia location, including trans-abdominal, thoracotomy, and combined approaches.

Conclusions:

Pediatric TDH is rare and associated with severe injuries, leading to diagnostic delays, especially for right-sided hernias.
A high index of suspicion and meticulous interpretation of imaging, including CT scans, are crucial for early diagnosis.
Prompt diagnosis and appropriate surgical intervention are vital for favorable outcomes in pediatric TDH.