Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy
Endoscopic Studies II: Thoracocentesis
Assessment of Respiration
Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications
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Updated: May 22, 2026

Systematic Bronchoscopy: the Four Landmarks Approach
Published on: June 23, 2023
Shari L Meyerson1, Betty C Tong, Stafford S Balderson
1Division of Thoracic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. smeyerso@nmh.org
Trainees frequently made errors during simulated thoracoscopic lobectomy, particularly in vein and bronchus dissection. An error-based curriculum should focus on anatomic landmark identification and tissue handling to improve surgical skills.
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