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Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions01:19

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...
Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions01:30

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...
Hypersensitivities01:30

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Chronic Inflammation: Introduction01:12

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...
Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions01:29

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis
07:22

Basophil Activation Test for Allergy Diagnosis

Published on: May 31, 2021

Chronic urticaria.

Torsten Zuberbier1

  • 1Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Allergie-Centrum-Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany. torsten.zuberbier@charite.de

Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
|May 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic urticaria, characterized by hives and swelling lasting over six weeks, significantly impacts quality of life. Current treatments include antihistamines, with options for dose escalation or alternative therapies for non-responders.

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Published on: September 26, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Allergy

Background:

  • Chronic urticaria involves spontaneous wheals and/or angioedema persisting for ≥6 weeks.
  • This condition typically lasts 3–5 years, diminishing patient quality of life and performance.
  • Current guidelines advocate non-sedating antihistamines as first-line therapy, with potential for fourfold dose increases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the definition, duration, and impact of chronic urticaria.
  • To outline current therapeutic recommendations based on international guidelines.
  • To discuss alternative treatment options for antihistamine-refractory chronic urticaria.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of chronic urticaria definition and management.
  • Analysis of current international treatment guidelines.
  • Summary of available, though unapproved, alternative therapies.

Main Results:

  • Chronic urticaria is defined by persistent wheals/angioedema (>6 weeks).
  • Disease duration averages 3–5 years, negatively affecting quality of life.
  • Antihistamines are recommended first-line, with dose escalation up to fourfold for non-responders.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of chronic urticaria requires adherence to established guidelines.
  • Dose escalation of antihistamines is a key strategy for treatment-resistant cases.
  • Further research and approval pathways are needed for alternative therapies in chronic urticaria.