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Cell Size

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Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
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Cells can take in nutrients and water via diffusion through the plasma membrane itself or through specific channels in the membrane. The area of the membrane surrounding the cells limits the...

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Updated: May 22, 2026

Creating a Structurally Realistic Finite Element Geometric Model of a Cardiomyocyte to Study the Role of Cellular Architecture in Cardiomyocyte Systems Biology

Creating a Structurally Realistic Finite Element Geometric Model of a Cardiomyocyte to Study the Role of Cellular Architecture in Cardiomyocyte Systems Biology

Published on: April 18, 2018

Modeling a minimal cell.

Michael L Shuler¹, Patricia Foley, Jordan Atlas

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. mls50@cornell.edu

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|May 29, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Synthetic biology aims to create self-replicating systems. A minimal cell model (MCM) with 241 genes provides a dynamic, whole-cell simulation platform for testing synthetic organism hypotheses.

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Area of Science:

Synthetic biology
Computational biology
Genomics

Background:

Synthetic biology seeks to engineer self-replicating biological systems for useful tasks.
Mathematical models are crucial for prototyping and testing modifications in synthetic organisms.
Connecting genomic information to physiological predictions is a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To formulate a minimal cell model (MCM) as a foundational platform for synthetic biology.
To create a chemically detailed and physiologically complete model of a hypothetical minimal cell.
To enable rapid prototyping and testing of hypotheses regarding minimal gene sets.

Main Methods:

Developed a minimal cell model (MCM) using a mathematical framework for Escherichia coli.
Included 241 product-coding genes, representing a genomically complete set for a minimal chemoheterotrophic bacterium.
Employed a chemically detailed, dynamic, whole-cell modeling approach.

Main Results:

Presented a functional MCM with 241 product-coding genes.
Demonstrated the model's ability to simulate whole-cell behavior based on metabolic rates, genome expression, environment, and genomic sequence.
Validated the gene set as genomically complete for sustained growth and division.

Conclusions:

The MCM serves as a powerful tool for testing hypotheses about minimal gene sets in synthetic biology.
The model facilitates the explicit connection between genomic sequence and physiological predictions.
This approach advances the development of functional synthetic organisms.