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Related Concept Videos

Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing specific...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
09:44

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Published on: March 3, 2015

Mining Functional Elements in Messenger RNAs: Overview, Challenges, and Perspectives.

Firoz Ahmed1, Vagner A Benedito, Patrick Xuechun Zhao

  • 1Bioinformatics Laboratory, Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation Ardmore, OK, USA.

Frontiers in Plant Science
|May 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) regulatory elements and bioinformatics tools for their analysis. It highlights the need for better computational methods, especially for plant systems, to understand gene expression regulation.

Keywords:
AU-rich elementsbioinformaticscis-elementsinternal ribosome entry sitesiron-responsive elementspolyadenylation signalssplicing regulatory elementszipcodes

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An Oligonucleotide-based Tandem RNA Isolation Procedure to Recover Eukaryotic mRNA-Protein Complexes
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An Oligonucleotide-based Tandem RNA Isolation Procedure to Recover Eukaryotic mRNA-Protein Complexes

Published on: August 18, 2018

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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes
09:44

High-throughput Screening for Chemical Modulators of Post-transcriptionally Regulated Genes

Published on: March 3, 2015

An Oligonucleotide-based Tandem RNA Isolation Procedure to Recover Eukaryotic mRNA-Protein Complexes
09:45

An Oligonucleotide-based Tandem RNA Isolation Procedure to Recover Eukaryotic mRNA-Protein Complexes

Published on: August 18, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA) contains regulatory cis-elements controlling gene expression, including mRNA stability, splicing, and translation.
  • Current knowledge of these elements is largely based on microbial and animal systems, with plant systems underrepresented.
  • Bioinformatics is crucial for identifying patterns and creating databases of these functional elements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of eukaryotic mRNA regulatory motifs.
  • To describe available bioinformatics resources for analyzing these elements.
  • To discuss future directions for developing improved computational tools for gene regulation studies, with a focus on plant systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on eukaryotic mRNA regulatory motifs.
  • Description of current bioinformatics databases and analysis tools.
  • Discussion of recent trends and future prospects in bioinformatics for RNA motif discovery.

Main Results:

  • Introduction to key mRNA regulatory motifs like splicing elements, IRES, IREs, AREs, zipcodes, and PAS.
  • Overview of bioinformatics resources for identifying and analyzing functional RNA elements.
  • Identification of a gap in knowledge and tools for plant-specific mRNA regulatory elements.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced bioinformatics tools are needed to advance the understanding of gene regulation.
  • Further research into plant-specific mRNA regulatory mechanisms is encouraged.
  • Developing better computational tools will facilitate the discovery of novel gene expression regulation pathways.