Natural variation in the temperature range permissive for vernalization in accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana

Vernalization is an acceleration of flowering in response to chilling, and is normally studied in the laboratory at near-freezing (2-4 °C) temperatures. Many vernalization-requiring species, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, are found in a range of habitats with varying winter temperatures. Natural variation in the temperature range that elicits a vernalization response in Arabidopsis has not been fully explored. We characterized the effect of intermediate temperatures (7-19 °C) on 15 accessions and the well-studied reference line Col-FRI. Although progressively warmer temperatures are gradually less effective at activating expression of the vernalization-specific gene VERNALIZATION-INSENSITIVE 3 (VIN3) and in accelerating flowering, there is substantial natural variation in the upper threshold (T(max) ) of the flowering-time response. VIN3 is required for the T(max) (13 °C) response of Col-FRI. Surprisingly, even 16 °C treatment caused induction of VIN3 in six tested lines, despite the ineffectiveness of this temperature in accelerating flowering for two of them. Finally, we present evidence that mild acceleration of flowering by 19 °C exposure may counterbalance the flowering time delay caused by non-inductive photoperiods in at least one accession, creating an appearance of photoperiod insensitivity.