Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
Periodic Classification of the Elements04:00

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their electron configurations are added to the table, a periodic recurrence of similar electron configurations in the outer shells of these elements is observed. Because they are in the outer shells of an atom, valence electrons play the most important role in chemical reactions. The outer electrons have the highest energy of the electrons in an atom...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Enhanced Ion-Exchange Properties of a Complex Microporous Uranyl Borophosphate.

Inorganic chemistry·2025
Same author

Insights into Structural Diversity and Morphotropic Evolution in A<sub>4</sub>Th(WO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub> (A=Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) Family.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2024
Same author

U(V) Stabilization via Aliovalent Incorporation of Ln(III) into Oxo-salt Framework.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2024
Same author

Ultrafiltration separation of Am(VI)-polyoxometalate from lanthanides.

Nature·2023
Same author

Understanding of the structural chemistry in the uranium oxo-tellurium system under HT/HP conditions.

Frontiers in chemistry·2023
Same author

Linker Redox Mediated Control of Morphology and Properties in Semiconducting Iron-Semiquinoid Coordination Polymers.

Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)·2022
Same journal

Decoding Galectin-Glycan Recognition with <sup>19</sup>F-Tagged Lectins: from Simple Glycans to the Cellular Glycocalyx.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same journal

Open- and Closed-Shell Roles of Sensitizer and Annihilator in Pseudo-Single Component Mixtures for Upconversion.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same journal

Pressure-Induced Superconductivity at 15 K in van-der-Waals Ferroelectric CuInP<sub>2</sub>S<sub>6</sub>.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same journal

Carbene Analogues of Group 15: Reduction of s-Hydrindacene-Based Chloropnictogenium Ions To Access an Antimony Hydride Monocation and a Trinuclear Bismuth Dication.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same journal

Chiral-Ligand-Modulated Nickel-Catalyzed Stereoselective Radical Migratory C2-Arylation of Carbohydrates.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same journal

Coordination-Constraint-Driven Enhanced Chirality Induction in Perovskite Quantum Dot Solids.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
13:21

Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: July 21, 2011

Differentiating between trivalent lanthanides and actinides.

Matthew J Polinski1, Daniel J Grant, Shuao Wang

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|May 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study synthesized novel lanthanide and actinide borate compounds, revealing distinct structural and electronic properties between the two series despite identical synthesis conditions. Electronic structure calculations show localized An 5f orbitals, with unique bonding interactions in Pu borates.

More Related Videos

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes
10:10

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes

Published on: July 28, 2018

Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals
07:24

Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals

Published on: April 14, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
13:21

Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: July 21, 2011

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes
10:10

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes

Published on: July 28, 2018

Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals
07:24

Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals

Published on: April 14, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Lanthanide (Ln) and actinide (An) elements form complex borate compounds with diverse structures.
  • Understanding the structural and electronic properties of these compounds is crucial for various applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel lanthanide and actinide borate compounds.
  • To investigate the structural and electronic differences between Ln and An borates.
  • To elucidate the bonding characteristics of An 5f and 6d orbitals in these borates.

Main Methods:

  • Reaction of LnCl3 and AnCl3 with molten boric acid.
  • X-ray diffraction for structural determination.
  • Electronic structure calculations using multireference CASSCF and DFT methods.
  • Natural bond orbital and natural population analyses.

Main Results:

  • Formation of diverse Ln[B(4)O(6)(OH)(2)Cl], Ln4[B(18)O(25)(OH)(13)Cl(3)], Ln[B(6)O(9)(OH)(3)], Pu[B(4)O(6)(OH)(2)Cl], Pu2[B(13)O(19)(OH)(5)Cl(2)(H2O)3], Am[B(9)O(13)(OH)(4)]·H2O, and Cm2[B(14)O(20)(OH)(7)(H2O)2Cl] compounds.
  • Compounds exhibit 3D network structures with varying coordination geometries (9- and 10-coordinate) for Ln3+ and An3+ cations.
  • Electronic structure calculations reveal localized An 5f orbitals, with Pu 6p orbital delocalization in Pu borates and O 2p to An 6d delocalization in Am/Cm borates.
  • Pu borates show larger 5f occupancy and unique An 6d orbital involvement compared to Am and Cm borates.

Conclusions:

  • Lanthanide and actinide borate series exhibit non-parallel structural and electronic behaviors despite identical synthesis.
  • An 5f orbitals are localized and minimally involved in bonding.
  • Distinct electronic interactions involving Pu 6p, O 2p, and An 6d orbitals are observed, highlighting unique bonding in Pu, Am, and Cm borates.