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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

General Structure of a Vertebra

A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous column.
The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Dendritic Spine Quantification Using an Automatic Three-Dimensional Neuron Reconstruction Software
07:45

Dendritic Spine Quantification Using an Automatic Three-Dimensional Neuron Reconstruction Software

Published on: September 27, 2024

Spine segmentation and enumeration and normal variants.

Gaurav K Thawait1, Avneesh Chhabra, John A Carrino

  • 1Musculoskeletal Radiology, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. gthawai1@jhmi.edu

Radiologic Clinics of North America
|May 31, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Accurate spine segmentation and enumeration are crucial for correct vertebral numbering and interventions. This review clarifies these processes and discusses common variations to prevent errors.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

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Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation
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Three and Four-Dimensional Visualization and Analysis Approaches to Study Vertebrate Axial Elongation and Segmentation

Published on: February 28, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Radiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Spine segmentation and enumeration are critical for accurate anatomical reference.
  • Errors in vertebral numbering can lead to misdiagnosis and incorrect treatment.
  • This topic is often overlooked, causing significant clinical challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of spine segmentation and enumeration techniques.
  • To highlight the importance of accurate vertebral identification in clinical practice.
  • To discuss normal anatomical variants that may complicate segmentation and enumeration.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing methods for spine segmentation.
  • Analysis of common challenges and errors in vertebral enumeration.
  • Compilation of information on normal anatomical variations of the spine.

Main Results:

  • Established the significance of precise spine segmentation and enumeration.
  • Identified frequent sources of confusion in vertebral numbering.
  • Detailed various normal variants affecting spinal anatomy.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate spine segmentation and enumeration are essential for patient safety.
  • Understanding normal variants is key to avoiding misinterpretation.
  • Standardized approaches are needed to improve consistency in clinical practice.