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Influenza

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...

Leaky Scanning

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA. Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

Viral Structure

Viral Structure

Viruses are extraordinarily diverse in shape and size, but they all have several structural features in common. All viruses have a core that contains a DNA- or RNA-based genome. The core is surrounded by a protective coat of proteins called the capsid. The capsid is composed of subunits called capsomeres. The capsid and genome-containing core are together known as the nucleocapsid.

Viruses with RNA Genomes

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

Introduction to Virus

Introduction to Virus

Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic processes, they can exhibit characteristics of life when infecting a host. Their defining feature is a nucleic acid core, composed of either DNA or RNA, encapsulated within a protein coat called a capsid. This simple structure allows them to invade host cells and use their machinery for replication efficiently.Viral Structure and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Published on: April 15, 2017

Influenza virus neuraminidase: structure and function.

Y A Shtyrya¹, L V Mochalova, N V Bovin

¹Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, RAS.

|June 1, 2012

Summary

This review covers influenza neuraminidase structure, function, and inhibition. It details enzyme activity, substrate specificity, and antiviral resistance mechanisms for influenza viruses.

Area of Science:

Virology
Enzymology
Structural Biology

Background:

Influenza neuraminidase (NA) is crucial for viral replication and release.
NA cleaves sialic acid residues, facilitating progeny virus spread.
Understanding NA structure and function is key to developing antivirals.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the structural and functional aspects of influenza neuraminidase.
To summarize substrate specificity and enzyme activity assays.
To discuss neuraminidase inhibitors and antiviral resistance.

Main Methods:

Literature review of structural and biochemical studies.
Analysis of data on enzyme kinetics and inhibitor efficacy.
Examination of mechanisms underlying viral resistance.

More Related Videos

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

Published on: March 27, 2016

Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells

Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells

Published on: June 3, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Fluorescence-based Neuraminidase Inhibition Assay to Assess the Susceptibility of Influenza Viruses to The Neuraminidase Inhibitor Class of Antivirals

Published on: April 15, 2017

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

Published on: March 27, 2016

Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells

Affinity Purification of Influenza Virus Ribonucleoprotein Complexes from the Chromatin of Infected Cells

Published on: June 3, 2012

Main Results:

Detailed insights into neuraminidase active site organization and desialylation mechanism.
Summary of substrate specificity and various assay methodologies.
Overview of current neuraminidase inhibitors and their limitations.

Conclusions:

Neuraminidase is a vital target for influenza antiviral strategies.
Understanding resistance mechanisms is essential for effective treatment.
Further research into NA inhibitors and resistance is warranted.