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Related Concept Videos

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming01:14

Introduction to Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
09:42

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Published on: September 7, 2017

DNA hypermethylation in somatic cells correlates with higher reprogramming efficiency.

María J Barrero1, María Berdasco, Ida Paramonov

  • 1Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

Stem Cells (Dayton, Ohio)
|June 2, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Human keratinocytes reprogram more efficiently to pluripotency than fibroblasts. This is linked to shared DNA methylation patterns with embryonic stem cells (ESCs), suggesting hypermethylation of tissue-specific genes drives reprogramming efficiency.

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Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark

Published on: January 26, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Cellular reprogramming

Background:

  • Somatic cell reprogramming efficiency varies significantly by cell type.
  • Human keratinocytes demonstrate higher reprogramming efficiency compared to fibroblasts.
  • DNA methylation patterns are crucial in cellular identity and pluripotency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between DNA methylation patterns and somatic cell reprogramming efficiency.
  • To compare the epigenetic similarity of reprogrammed cells from keratinocytes and fibroblasts to human embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
  • To determine factors contributing to the higher reprogramming efficiency observed in keratinocytes.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of DNA methylation profiles in human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and human ESCs.
  • Generation and characterization of induced pluripotent stem cells from keratinocytes (KiPS) and fibroblasts (FiPS).
  • Assessment of DNA methylation levels in KiPS and FiPS and comparison with ESCs.

Main Results:

  • Human keratinocytes share more hypermethylated CpG genes with ESCs than other somatic cells.
  • Keratinocyte-derived pluripotent stem cells (KiPS) exhibit greater DNA methylation similarity to ESCs than fibroblast-derived pluripotent stem cells (FiPS).
  • FiPS cells show a failure to acquire high DNA methylation levels in certain genes, contributing to epigenetic differences.

Conclusions:

  • Higher somatic cell reprogramming efficiency correlates with hypermethylation of tissue-specific genes.
  • Epigenetic similarity, particularly DNA methylation patterns, plays a key role in the success of reprogramming.
  • Keratinocytes' epigenetic state facilitates more efficient reprogramming to a pluripotent state resembling ESCs.