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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients
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T-cell tolerance: central and peripheral.

Yan Xing1, Kristin A Hogquist

  • 1Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|June 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

T-cell development in the thymus involves selection processes to eliminate self-reactive cells, but failures can lead to autoimmune diseases. Advances in understanding T-cell tolerance are paving the way for new therapies.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • T-cell receptor (TCR) gene recombination in thymocytes generates diverse specificities, including potentially self-reactive ones.
  • Thymic selection mechanisms are crucial for shaping the T-cell repertoire and maintaining self-tolerance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of central and peripheral T-cell tolerance.
  • To explore how failures in T-cell tolerance contribute to autoimmune diseases.
  • To highlight recent advances in developing therapeutic strategies for autoimmune disease, cancer, and transplantation.

Main Methods:

  • The study reviews existing literature on T-cell development and tolerance mechanisms.
  • It focuses on the processes of positive selection, clonal deletion, and clonal diversion (Treg differentiation).
  • It discusses peripheral tolerance mechanisms like anergy and deletion.

Main Results:

  • Positive selection favors thymocytes with low-affinity TCRs for self-antigen, while useless cells undergo neglect.
  • Clonal deletion and Treg differentiation are key central tolerance mechanisms, though not always fully effective.
  • Peripheral tolerance mechanisms compensate for central tolerance failures, preventing autoimmunity.

Conclusions:

  • Despite robust central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms, self-reactivity can still occur.
  • Understanding T-cell tolerance is critical for developing novel therapeutic interventions.
  • Advances in this field hold promise for treating autoimmune disorders, cancer, and improving transplant outcomes.