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Related Concept Videos

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
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Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment
10:09

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment

Published on: June 2, 2020

Microglial microvesicle secretion and intercellular signaling.

Elena Turola1, Roberto Furlan, Fabio Bianco

  • 1CNR Institute of Neuroscience Milano, Italy.

Frontiers in Physiology
|June 5, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microglia release microvesicles (MVs) that carry inflammatory IL-1β, acting as a communication pathway. These MVs stimulate neuronal activity and spread inflammation in the brain.

Keywords:
IL-betabrain inflammationmicroglial cellsmicrovesiclesneuronal activity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Microvesicles (MVs) are key mediators of intercellular communication in the brain.
  • Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, release MVs involved in neuroinflammation.
  • The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) plays a crucial role in MV shedding from various cell types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of microglial MVs in cell-to-cell communication.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of P2X7R-dependent MV formation and IL-1β release.
  • To highlight the impact of microglia-derived MVs on neuronal activity and inflammatory signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on microvesicle shedding and P2X7R signaling.
  • Analysis of studies investigating IL-1β processing and release via MVs.
  • Examination of research on microglia-MV interactions with neurons.

Main Results:

  • MV shedding from microglia is activated by the P2X7 receptor.
  • Microglia-derived MVs serve as a secretory pathway for the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β.
  • P2X7-dependent MV formation involves sphingomyelinase activity and ceramide production, potentially similar to exosome biogenesis.
  • Microglia-derived MVs can enhance neuronal activity and propagate inflammatory signals.

Conclusions:

  • Microglia-derived MVs are significant players in brain communication and neuroinflammation.
  • The P2X7 receptor is central to the release and function of these inflammatory MVs.
  • Further research into microglia-derived MVs could reveal new therapeutic targets for neurological disorders.