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Osmosis

Osmosis

Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane. The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
Water, like other substances, moves from a high concentration of free water...

Osmosis

Osmosis

Approximately 60% to 95% of the weight of living organisms is attributed to water. Therefore, maintaining appropriate water balance within cells is of paramount importance. Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane, such as a cell’s plasma membrane. In living organisms, water plays a crucial role as a solvent—a molecule that dissolves other molecules.

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure of Solutions

A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...

Chemiosmosis

Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation is a highly efficient process that generates large amounts of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the basic unit of energy that drives many cellular processes. Oxidative phosphorylation involves two processes— the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis.
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain involves a series of protein complexes on the inner mitochondrial membrane that undergo a series of redox reactions. At the end of this chain, the electrons reduce...

Osmotic Pressure

Osmotic Pressure

Osmosis is a process where solvent molecules move toward a solution through a semipermeable membrane. As the solution dilutes due to the entry of solvent, it expands. This expansion increases the hydrostatic pressure of the solution. When the hydrostatic pressure equals the osmotic pressure, osmosis stops.Osmotic pressure, denoted by Π, is the minimum pressure needed to prevent the solvent from passing into the solution by osmosis. The van 't Hoff equation calculates the osmotic pressure of an...

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

Titration of Polyprotic Base with a Strong Acid

The titration of a polyprotic base such as sodium carbonate with a strong acid such as hydrochloric acid results in two equivalence points on the titration curve. At the first equivalence point, the carbonate ions in the base are completely converted to bicarbonate ions. The second equivalence point corresponds to the complete conversion of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid, which dissociates into carbon dioxide and water. The region before the first equivalence point corresponds to the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy

Published on: May 27, 2018

Biphasic water splitting by osmocene.

Peiyu Ge¹, Tanya K Todorova, Imren Hatay Patir

¹Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|June 6, 2012

Summary

Osmocene shows potential for water splitting, converting protons to hydrogen in a biphasic system. Further reactions involve the osmocenium dimer, validated by computational studies.

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Area of Science:

Photochemistry
Organometallic Chemistry
Catalysis

Background:

Osmocene's photochemical reactivity is explored for its potential in water splitting.
Biphasic systems offer unique environments for catalytic reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate osmocene's photochemical reactivity in a biphasic water-organic solvent system.
Probe the water splitting properties of osmocene.
Understand the mechanism of hydrogen production and subsequent water splitting.

Main Methods:

Electrochemical methods
UV-visible spectrometry
Gas chromatography
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
Density functional theory (DFT) computations

Main Results:

Photoreduction of aqueous protons to hydrogen was observed under anaerobic conditions.
Osmocene in 1,2-dichloroethane initiated hydrogen production.
The osmocenium metal-metal dimer, formed during H(2) production, participates in subsequent water splitting.
DFT computations validated the proposed reaction pathways.

Conclusions:

Osmocene demonstrates photochemical activity relevant to water splitting.
The study elucidates a mechanism involving photoreduction and dimer-mediated water splitting.
Computational validation supports the proposed reaction pathway for osmocene-driven water splitting.