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Electrocardiogram

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...

Decreased Body Temperature

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by sustained extreme cold exposure, and severe...

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation IV: Pharmacological Management

Pharmacologic intervention is crucial in treating cardiac arrest patients during ACLS or Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support. The ACLS algorithms guide the administration of specific drugs based on the patient's cardiac arrest rhythm, which includes pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), asystole, and pulseless electrical activity (PEA).EpinephrineIndication: Epinephrine is the first-line drug for all cardiac arrest rhythms.Mechanism of Action: Epinephrine...

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac Action Potential

Cardiac action potentials are essential for proper heart function, enabling the rhythmic contractions needed for adequate blood circulation. Nodal cells and Purkinje fibers, specialized for electrical conduction, generate these action potentials.
The cardiac action potential process involves a series of phases characterized by the movement of ions across the cardiac cell membranes, leading to the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac myocytes.
Ionic Basis of Cardiac Action Potentials

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Electrocardiogram Fundamentals

Introduction
An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool for identifying cardiac conditions such as arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and myocardial ischemia.
Definition
An electrocardiogram (ECG) visualizes the heart's electrical activity by tracing the electrical movement associated with each heartbeat on a graph or monitor. As the heart beats, an electrical wave passes through it, correlating with the cardiac cycle events.
Parts of an ECG
An ECG utilizes electrodes on the skin to...

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Updated: May 21, 2026

In vitro Assessment of Myocardial Protection following Hypothermia-Preconditioning in a Human Cardiac Myocytes Model

In vitro Assessment of Myocardial Protection following Hypothermia-Preconditioning in a Human Cardiac Myocytes Model

Published on: October 27, 2020

Electrocardiographic changes in therapeutic hypothermia.

Corina L Rolfast, Erik J Lust, Carel C de Cock

Critical Care (London, England)

|June 8, 2012

Summary

Osborn waves are common during therapeutic hypothermia (TH) and do not predict poor outcomes. Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes during TH can mimic ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Area of Science:

Cardiology
Critical Care Medicine

Background:

Therapeutic hypothermia (TH) can cause electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities like Osborn waves and ST-segment elevation.
Previous studies on the incidence and prognostic value of these ECG changes are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate electrocardiographic changes during therapeutic hypothermia.
To determine the incidence and prognostic significance of Osborn waves and ST-segment elevation during TH.

Main Methods:

Retrospective analysis of 81 patients undergoing TH after resuscitation over 3 years.
ECG recordings were analyzed before, during, and after TH.
Patients were categorized into ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and non-STEMI groups based on initial ECG findings.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

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Cooling or Warming the Esophagus to Reduce Esophageal Injury During Left Atrial Ablation in the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation

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Main Results:

Osborn waves were observed in 30% of patients during TH, resolving upon rewarming.
Osborn waves were not linked to patient demographics, lab values, or in-hospital mortality.
New STEMI occurred in 12% of patients during TH, resolving after discontinuation.
The STEMI group showed a significantly higher incidence of Osborn waves during TH compared to the non-STEMI group.

Conclusions:

Hypothermia-induced Osborn waves are common and do not indicate adverse short-term outcomes.
Electrocardiogram changes during TH can present as STEMI, necessitating careful interpretation.