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Related Concept Videos

Proteomics01:33

Proteomics

A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for mRNAs, and the mRNAs encode proteins. Although mRNA analysis is a step in the right direction, not all mRNAs are translated into proteins.
Proteomics is the study of proteomes' function. It involves the large-scale systematic study of the proteome to denote the protein complement expressed by a genome. Scientist Mark Wilkins coined the term proteomics...
Bacterial Protein Maturation01:26

Bacterial Protein Maturation

Bacterial protein maturation is a tightly regulated process that ensures newly synthesized polypeptides achieve correct functional conformations. This maturation involves a series of modifications, folding events, and quality control steps, often assisted by specialized chaperone proteins.N-Terminal ModificationsThe maturation of bacterial polypeptides begins cotranslationally as the polypeptide exits the ribosome. The first amino acid, N-formylmethionine (fMet), is typically modified at the...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...

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Updated: May 21, 2026

Evaluation of Microbial Safety of Dairies using Bacterial Proteomic Profiling via MALDI Approach
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Published on: October 7, 2025

Temporal changes in milk proteomes reveal developing milk functions.

Xinliu Gao1, Robert J McMahon, Jessica G Woo

  • 1Mead Johnson Nutrition Pediatric Nutrition Institute, 2400 West Lloyd Expressway, Evansville, Indiana 47721, USA.

Journal of Proteome Research
|June 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study expands the human milk proteome to 976 proteins, revealing 152 with significant changes between transitional and mature milk. These findings offer new insights into infant nutrition and immune development.

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Area of Science:

  • Proteomics
  • Human milk composition
  • Neonatal nutrition

Background:

  • Human milk proteins are crucial for infant growth and development.
  • Limited knowledge of the human milk proteome restricts understanding of its functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze the human milk proteome in transitional and mature milk.
  • To identify proteins with regulatory changes during lactation.

Main Methods:

  • Proteomic analysis of human milk whey using ion-exchange and SDS-PAGE.
  • Large-scale sample loading for extended proteome coverage.

Main Results:

  • Identified 976 human milk proteins, with 152 showing significant changes between milk stages.
  • Observed shifts in immunoglobulin abundance (sIgA, IgM, IgG) suggesting evolving immune defense.
  • Detailed the complement system in human milk, highlighting alternative pathway dominance.
  • Characterized proteins involved in carbohydrate metabolism and extracellular matrix (ECM) functions, noting stage-specific differences.

Conclusions:

  • The expanded human milk proteome provides a deeper understanding of infant nutrition and development.
  • Changes in milk proteins reflect evolving immune strategies and metabolic functions.
  • Further research into ECM and cytoskeleton proteins may reveal novel roles in infant health.