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Related Concept Videos

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inhibitors of Renin-Angiotensin System

The activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) contributes to cardiac remodeling, and inhibiting the RAAS is a pharmacological target in heart failure management. As a result, neurohumoral modulation is a crucial treatment principle for managing heart failure. This approach involves using medications like ACE inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), β-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and neutral...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
06:35

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

A contemporary view on endothelial function in heart failure.

Eduard Shantsila1, Benjamin J Wrigley, Andrew D Blann

  • 1University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, City Hospital, Birmingham B18 7QH, UK. e.shantsila@bham.ac.uk

European Journal of Heart Failure
|June 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Endothelial dysfunction, impacting vasomotor, haemostatic, and inflammatory functions, varies in heart failure (HF) patients. While treatments like ACE inhibitors improve endothelial function, targeted therapies remain elusive.

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test
06:35

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Assessing Endothelial Vasodilator Function with the Endo-PAT 2000
07:46

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Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research
08:42

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial-Dependent Flow-Mediated Vasodilation of the Brachial Artery in Clinical Research

Published on: October 22, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Endothelial dysfunction is a key factor in cardiovascular medicine, particularly in heart failure (HF).
  • It encompasses vasomotor, haemostatic, antioxidant, and inflammatory activities.
  • Patterns of endothelial dysfunction differ based on HF aetiology, severity, and patient stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted aspects of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular medicine and heart failure.
  • To explore the varying patterns of endothelial dysfunction in different HF aetiologies.
  • To discuss the prognostic value and therapeutic potential of targeting endothelial dysfunction in HF.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on endothelial dysfunction in HF.
  • Analysis of studies differentiating endothelial dysfunction patterns in ischaemic versus non-ischaemic HF.
  • Examination of methodological limitations in assessing endothelial function and its clinical application.

Main Results:

  • Endothelial dysfunction in ischaemic HF is often systemic, affecting various vessels.
  • Non-ischaemic HF shows more heterogeneous endothelial dysfunction, sometimes limited to coronary vessels.
  • Endothelial dysfunction has prognostic significance, but assessment challenges limit clinical use.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial dysfunction is a critical component of HF pathophysiology with prognostic implications.
  • Current treatments like ACE inhibitors and statins can improve endothelial function, but specific endothelium-targeting drugs are lacking.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the pathophysiological role and therapeutic potential of the vascular endothelium in HF.