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Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles01:16

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair and Hair Follicles

Hair and hair follicles are integral components of the integumentary system. Hair is a filamentous structure composed mainly of a protein called keratin. It is found on the surface of the skin throughout the body, except for areas such as the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Hair is a keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis. It is primarily made of dead, keratinized cells. Hair strands originate at the epidermal penetration called the hair follicle. The hair shaft is the part...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types01:20

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Hair Growth and Types

Hair growth begins with the production of keratinocytes by the basal cells of the hair bulb. As new cells are deposited at the hair bulb, the hair shaft is pushed through the follicle toward the surface. Keratinization is completed as the cells are pushed to the skin surface to form the shaft of hair that is externally visible. The external hair is completely dead and composed entirely of keratin. Hair can be cut or shaven without damaging the hair structure because the cut is superficial. Most...
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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands

Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are small, coiled tubular structures located in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin. Sweat glands are responsible for producing and secreting sweat, a watery fluid that helps regulate body temperature and excrete waste products.
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Body Temperature01:25

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Body temperature reflects the equilibrium between heat production and heat loss within the body. Most heat is generated by metabolically active tissues, particularly the liver, heart, brain, kidneys, and endocrine organs. At rest, skeletal muscles contribute 20–30% of total heat production, but during vigorous exercise, this can increase up to 30–40 times.
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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.

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Updated: May 21, 2026

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering
14:43

Synthesis of Keratin-based Nanofiber for Biomedical Engineering

Published on: February 7, 2016

Hair, sweat and tears.

Sarah Abdo1, Katherine Samaras

  • 1Endocrinology Department, St Vincents Hospital, Sydney, Australia. drsarahabdo@gmail.com

BMJ Case Reports
|June 9, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hirsutism in women can signal serious conditions beyond PCOS. This case highlights acromegaly as a rare but critical diagnosis to exclude for timely treatment and prevention of long-term health issues.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Hirsutism is a common and distressing symptom in women, often associated with menstrual irregularities and acne.
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent cause, but a broad differential diagnosis is essential.

Observation:

  • A thorough medical history and appropriate investigations are crucial for accurate diagnosis.
  • Serious underlying conditions must be excluded to prevent missed diagnoses and long-term sequelae.

Findings:

  • This case report details acromegaly presenting as the primary symptom of longstanding hirsutism.
  • Acromegaly, a condition of excess growth hormone, can manifest with diverse symptoms.

Implications:

  • Highlights the importance of considering rare endocrine disorders in the differential diagnosis of hirsutism.
  • Emphasizes the need for comprehensive evaluation to avoid delayed diagnosis and management of potentially severe conditions like acromegaly.