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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

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Eastern equine encephalitis in Tennessee: 2002-2008.

Sudeshna Mukherjee1, Erin E Moody, Kenneth Lewokzco

  • 1Vector-Borne Disease Section, Communicable and Environmental Diseases, Tennessee Department of Health, 630 Hart Lane, Nashville, TN 37216, USA.

Journal of Medical Entomology
|June 12, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus (EEEV) outbreaks in Tennessee are linked to Culex erraticus mosquitoes, not the traditional Culiseta melanura vector. This suggests a novel transmission cycle for EEEV emergence.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Entomology
  • Arbovirology
  • Disease Ecology

Background:

  • Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) is an emerging disease in Tennessee, with equine cases first recorded in 2002.
  • Human and equine EEE outbreaks are typically associated with coastal wetlands and Culiseta melanura mosquitoes in North America.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mosquito vectors responsible for EEEV transmission in western Tennessee hardwood swamps.
  • To identify the mosquito species involved in the 2005 and 2008 EEE outbreaks in Tennessee.

Main Methods:

  • Mosquitoes were trapped and tested for EEEV from 2000 to 2008 in Tennessee swamps.
  • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and VecTest were used to detect EEEV in mosquito pools.
  • EEEV was isolated from a horse during the 2008 outbreak.

Main Results:

  • Over 74,000 mosquitoes were tested; Culiseta melanura was found in low numbers.
  • Culex erraticus was consistently found in high numbers and was the only species positive for EEEV.
  • EEEV was detected in Cx. erraticus pools from 2003 and 2004 in a county near the 2005 outbreak.

Conclusions:

  • Culex erraticus may play a significant role in maintaining EEEV transmission through a non-traditional cycle in Tennessee.
  • This finding is crucial for understanding EEEV adaptation and emergence in new regions.