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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

Hexagonal-close-packed lattice: Ground state and phase transition.

Danh-Tai Hoang¹, H T Diep

¹Laboratoire de Physique Théorique et Modélisation, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, CNRS, UMR 8089 and 2, Avenue Adolphe Chauvin, F-95302 Cergy-Pontoise Cedex, France. danh-tai.hoang@u-cergy.fr

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|June 12, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigates ground states and phase transitions in hexagonal lattices using Monte Carlo simulations. Critical interactions determine distinct spin configurations and transition orders for Ising and XY models.

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Published on: June 7, 2018

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Statistical Mechanics
Materials Science

Background:

Hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) lattices are fundamental structures in condensed matter.
Understanding magnetic phase transitions is crucial for materials design.
Frustration in magnetic systems leads to complex ground states.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the ground state (GS) and phase transitions in an antiferromagnetic hexagonal-close-packed lattice.
To analyze the influence of in-plane (J1) and interplane (J2) interactions on magnetic ordering.
To compare the behavior of both Ising and XY models within this lattice structure.

Main Methods:

Extensive Monte Carlo simulations were employed.
The study focused on antiferromagnetic in-plane (J1) and interplane (J2) interactions.
The ratio η = J1/J2 was systematically varied to explore different phases.

Main Results:

Two distinct ground state configurations were identified, separated by critical values of η (ηc).
For the Ising model, ηc = 0.5 separates in-plane ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic states.
For the XY model, ηc = 1/3 separates collinear and noncollinear spin configurations. Phase transitions were found to be first-order for η > ηc and second-order for η < ηc.

Conclusions:

The study elucidates the complex magnetic phase diagram of HCP lattices under frustration.
Critical interaction ratios dictate distinct ground states and transition behaviors for Ising and XY models.
Monte Carlo simulations provide a robust method for exploring such condensed matter phenomena.